Molecular and Serological Detection of Piroplasms in Horses from Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population
4.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4.3. Detection of T. equi- and B. caballi-Specific Antibodies
4.4. Morphological Identification of Ticks
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Piroplasm | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. equi | B. caballi | T. haneyi | |||||
Hematology | Horses tested | nPCR | cELISA | nPCR | cELISA | nPCR | cELISA |
Abnormal | 41 | 15 | 37 | 1 | 0 | 1 | NA |
Normal | 31 | 5 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 2 | NA |
Total | 72 | 20 | 61 | 1 | 0 | 3 | NA |
Piroplasm | ||
---|---|---|
nPCR/cELISA | T. equi | B. caballi |
+/− | 2 | 1 |
−/+ | 43 | 0 |
+/+ | 18 | 0 |
Total | 63 | 1 |
Tick Species | Male | Females | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi | 164 (50.8%) | 159 (49.2%) | 323 (69.6%) |
Rhipicephalus sanguineus | 4 (40.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 10 (2.2%) |
Amblyomma variegatum | 37 (55.2%) | 30 (44.8%) | 67 (14.4%) |
Hyalomma dromedarii | 22 (68.8%) | 10 (31.2%) | 32 (6.9%) |
Hyalomma impeltatum | 0 | 4 (100%) | 4 (0.9%) |
Hyalomma truncatum | 0 | 1 (100%) | 1 (0.2%) |
Boophilus decoloratus | 0 | 7 (100%) | 7 (1.5%) |
Total | 227 (51.1%) | 217 (48.9%) | 444 (100%) |
Primer | Sequence (5’-3’) | Expected Product Size | Target Gene |
---|---|---|---|
T. equi external-forward | GAGGAGGAGAAACCCAAG | 549 bp | ema1 |
T. equi external-reverse | GCCATCGCCCTTGTAGAG | ||
T. equi internal-forward | TCAAGGACAACAAGCCATAC | 229 bp | |
T. equi internal-reverse | TTGCCTGGAGCCTTGAAG | ||
B. caballi external-forward | GATTACTTGTCGGCTGTGTCT | 374 bp | rap1 |
B. caballi external-reverse | CGCAAAGTTCTCAATGTCAG | ||
B. caballi internal-forward | GCTAAGTACCAACCGCTGA | 221 bp | |
B. caballi internal-reverse | CGCAAAGTTCTCAATGTCAG | ||
T. haneyi external-forward | CCATACAACCCACTAGAG | 381 bp | hypothetical single copy gene |
T. haneyi external-reverse | CTGTCATTTGGGTTTGATAG | ||
T. haneyi internal-forward | GACAACAGAGAGGTGATT | 238 bp | |
T. haneyi internal-reverse | CGTTGAATGTAATGGGAAC |
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Idoko, I.S.; Edeh, R.E.; Adamu, A.M.; Machunga-Mambula, S.; Okubanjo, O.O.; Balogun, E.O.; Adamu, S.; Johnson, W.; Kappmeyer, L.; Mousel, M.; et al. Molecular and Serological Detection of Piroplasms in Horses from Nigeria. Pathogens 2021, 10, 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050508
Idoko IS, Edeh RE, Adamu AM, Machunga-Mambula S, Okubanjo OO, Balogun EO, Adamu S, Johnson W, Kappmeyer L, Mousel M, et al. Molecular and Serological Detection of Piroplasms in Horses from Nigeria. Pathogens. 2021; 10(5):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050508
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdoko, Idoko S., Richard E. Edeh, Andrew M. Adamu, Salamatu Machunga-Mambula, Oluyinka O. Okubanjo, Emmanuel O. Balogun, Sani Adamu, Wendell Johnson, Lowell Kappmeyer, Michelle Mousel, and et al. 2021. "Molecular and Serological Detection of Piroplasms in Horses from Nigeria" Pathogens 10, no. 5: 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050508