Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Wastewater Sample Collection
2.2. SARS-CoV-2 Concentration
2.3. Sample Process Control
2.4. RNA Extraction and cDNA Preparation
2.5. RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- Wastewater samples from influents of WWTPs in Virginia, Florida (WWTP D) and Georgia tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
- SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 19% (8/42) untreated wastewater influent samples and tested negative for all 24 secondary- and 34 tertiary-treated effluents.
- The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was low in the studied WWTPs in the early pandemic stage.
- Both ultrafiltration and adsorption-extraction methods were effective for detecting RNA in wastewater samples.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WWTPs | Location a | Population Served b | Treatment Train |
---|---|---|---|
A | VA | 300,000 | preliminary screening, grit removal, primary clarification, fine screening, flow equalization, membrane bioreactors (MBR), activated carbon, and UV disinfection. |
B/C | FL | 974,996 | WWTP B uses an advanced Bardenpho process while WWTP C uses UV disinfection |
D | FL | 471,826 | a Modified Ludzack Ettinger (MLE) process configuration with two biological treatment trains. |
E/F | GA | 936,250 | WWTP E uses advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater treatment, WWTP F uses biological activated carbon (BAC) and ozonation |
Assay | Target Gene | Primer/Probe | Sequence (5′ > 3′) a | PCR Conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N1 | Nucleocapsid (N) | 2019-nCoV_N1-F | GAC CCC AAA ATC AGC GAA AT | 95 °C for 10 min and 45 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s and 55 °C for 30 s | [23] |
2019-nCoV_N1-R | TCT GGT TAC TGC CAG TTG AAT CTG | ||||
2019-nCoV_N1-P | FAM-ACCCCGCATTACGTTTGGTGGACC-BHQ1 | ||||
N2 | Nucleocapsid (N) | 2019-nCoV_N2-F | TTA CAA ACA TTG GCC GCA AA | 95 °C for 10 min and 45 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s and 55 °C for 30 s | [23] |
2019-nCoV_N2-R | GCG CGA CAT TCC GAA GAA | ||||
phi6 | phi-6S 1 | 2019-nCoV_N2-P phi6- F phi6- R phi6- P | FAM-ACAATTTGCCCCCAGCGCTTCAG-BHQ1 TGGCGGCGGTCAAGAGC GGATGATTCTCCAGAAGCTGCTG FAM/CGGTC GTCG/ZEN/CAGGTCTGACACTCGC/3IABkFQ/ | 94 °C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min | [24] |
States | WWTPs | Sample | No of Samples Tested | No. of Positive (%) | GC/L | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N1 | N2 | N1 | N2 | ||||
Virginia | A | Influent | 10 | (1/3) a (2/10) b | (1/3) a (2/10) b | 4.3 × 103 a 3.36 × 103 b 3.43 ×103 b | 4.4 × 103 a 1.70 × 103 b 3.30 × 102 b |
Effluent | 12 | (0/3) a (0/12) b | (0/3) a (0/12) b | ||||
Florida | B | Influent | 6 | (0/2) a (0/6) b | (0/2) a (0/6) b | ||
Secondary Effluent | 4 | (0/2) a (0/4) b | (0/2) a (0/4) b | ||||
Effluent | 4 | (0/1) a (0/4) b | (0/1) a (0/4) b | ||||
C | Influent | 6 | (0/2) a (0/6) b | (0/2) a (0/6) b | |||
Secondary Effluent | 4 | (0/2) a (0/4) b | (0/2) a (0/4) b | ||||
Effluent | 4 | (0/2) a (0/4) b | (0/2) a (0/4) b | ||||
D | Influent | 10 | (1/10) b | (2/10) b | 8.70 × 102 b | 8.0 × 102 b 9.3 × 102 b | |
Secondary Effluent | 6 | (0/6) b | (0/6) b | ||||
Effluent | 4 | (0/6) b | (0/6) b | ||||
Georgia | E | Influent | 6 | (1/2) a (1/6) b | (1/2) a (1/6) b | 1.0 × 104 a 1.5 ×103 b | 7.8 × 103 a 1.70 × 103 b |
Secondary Effluent | 6 | (0/1) a (0/6) b | (0/1) a (0/6) b | ||||
Effluent | 6 | (0/1) a (0/6) b | (0/1) a (0/6) b | ||||
F | Influent | 4 | (1/2) a (0/4) b | (1/2) a (0/4) b | 6.5 × 103 b | 1.9 × 104 b | |
Secondary Effluent | 4 | (0/2) a (0/4) b | (0/2) a (0/4) b | ||||
Effluent | 4 | (0/2) a (0/4) b | (0/2) a (0/4) b |
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Sherchan, S.P.; Shahin, S.; Patel, J.; Ward, L.M.; Tandukar, S.; Uprety, S.; Schmitz, B.W.; Ahmed, W.; Simpson, S.; Gyawali, P. Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States. Pathogens 2021, 10, 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070798
Sherchan SP, Shahin S, Patel J, Ward LM, Tandukar S, Uprety S, Schmitz BW, Ahmed W, Simpson S, Gyawali P. Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States. Pathogens. 2021; 10(7):798. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070798
Chicago/Turabian StyleSherchan, Samendra P., Shalina Shahin, Jeenal Patel, Lauren M. Ward, Sarmila Tandukar, Sital Uprety, Bradley W. Schmitz, Warish Ahmed, Stuart Simpson, and Pradip Gyawali. 2021. "Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States" Pathogens 10, no. 7: 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070798