Lessons from SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics: How Restrictive Measures Impacted the Trend of Respiratory Infections in Neonates and Infants up to Three Months of Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RSV | 51 | RSV | 63 | RSV | 24 | RSV | 1 | RSV | 6 | |
Rhinovirus | 5 | Rhinovirus | 6 | Rhinovirus | 1 | Rhinovirus | 2 | |||
Influenza | 1 | Influenza | 1 | Coronavirus * | 2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 2 | |||
Bocavirus | 1 | Bordetella pert. | 1 | Metapneumov. | 1 | |||||
Not identified | 4 | Not identified | 1 | |||||||
Q1 | Total | 62 | Total | 72 | Total | 27 | Total | 1 | Total | 11 |
RSV | 2 | RSV | 2 | RSV | 1 | Rhinovirus | 1 | |||
Rhinovirus | 3 | Rhinovirus | 8 | Not identified | 1 | |||||
Parainfluenza | 1 | Parainfluenza | 2 | |||||||
Adenovirus | 1 | Adenovirus | 1 | |||||||
Not identified | 2 | |||||||||
Q2 | Total | 7 | Total | 15 | Total | 2 | Total | 1 | ||
Rhinovirus | 2 | Coronavirus ** | 1 | Rhinovirus | 1 | Rhinovirus | 2 | |||
Not identified | 1 | |||||||||
Q3 | Total | 3 | Total | 1 | Total | 1 | Total | 2 | ||
RSV | 13 | RSV | 15 | Rhinovirus | 3 | RSV | 74 | |||
Rhinovirus | 7 | Rhinovirus | 12 | Rhinovirus | 7 | |||||
Parainfluenza | 2 | Parainfluenza | 2 | Parainfluenza | 3 | |||||
Coronavirus *** | 1 | Adenovirus | 1 | Bocavirus | 1 | |||||
Not identified | 1 | Not identified | 2 | Metapneumov. | 5 | |||||
Q4 | Total | 24 | Total | 32 | Total | 3 | Total | 90 | ||
Total | 96 | 120 | 33 | 94 | 11 |
Period | Date | Measure |
---|---|---|
Pre-pandemic period | Before February 2020 | No restrictive measures for Italian citizens |
22 February 2020 | Quarantine from 11 municipalities in Northern Italy (the “Red Zones”) | |
8 March 2020 | Expansion of the quarantine to all of Lombardy and 14 northern provinces | |
9 March 2020 | Order of national lockdown in the whole country | |
Pandemic period | 3 June 2020 | End of national lockdown |
7 October 2020 | New imposition of the use of protective masks outdoors | |
25 October 2020 | New restrictions with a “traffic light” color code (red, orange, and yellow zones), imposing the online schooling for 75% of secondary schools and university students, the closing of gyms, swimming pools, theaters, and cinemas, as well as the closing of bars and restaurants before 6 p.m. based on the number of infections | |
28 June 2021 | Slowdown of restrictive measures, with the introduction of the “Green Pass” for vaccinated or recovered subjects or those with a proof of a negative test taken within the last 48 h; no requirement to wear masks outdoors | |
1 September 2021 | Full reopening of secondary schools and universities for in-person teaching | |
8 October 2021 | Full reopening of theaters, cinemas, and concert halls | |
6 December 2021 | Introduction of a two-tiered Green Pass system, named the “Super Green Pass” to access events, venues, and services and to travel on all local and long-distance public transport | |
7 January 2022 | Introduction of the vaccination obligation for people aged 50 or over, with a penalty for non-compliant persons |
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De Rose, D.U.; Caoci, S.; Auriti, C.; Maddaloni, C.; Capolupo, I.; Salvatori, G.; Brusco, C.; Coltella, L.; Concato, C.; Russo, C.; et al. Lessons from SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics: How Restrictive Measures Impacted the Trend of Respiratory Infections in Neonates and Infants up to Three Months of Age. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101086
De Rose DU, Caoci S, Auriti C, Maddaloni C, Capolupo I, Salvatori G, Brusco C, Coltella L, Concato C, Russo C, et al. Lessons from SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics: How Restrictive Measures Impacted the Trend of Respiratory Infections in Neonates and Infants up to Three Months of Age. Pathogens. 2022; 11(10):1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101086
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Rose, Domenico Umberto, Stefano Caoci, Cinzia Auriti, Chiara Maddaloni, Irma Capolupo, Guglielmo Salvatori, Carla Brusco, Luana Coltella, Carlo Concato, Cristina Russo, and et al. 2022. "Lessons from SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics: How Restrictive Measures Impacted the Trend of Respiratory Infections in Neonates and Infants up to Three Months of Age" Pathogens 11, no. 10: 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101086