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Pathogens
Volume 11
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10.3390/pathogens11101173
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Review

Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases

by
Lorena Horvat Aleksijević
1,*,†,
Marko Aleksijević
1,†,
Ivana Škrlec
1,
Marko Šram
2,
Miroslav Šram
2,3 and
Jasminka Talapko
1,*
1
Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
2
Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
3
Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101173
Submission received: 31 May 2022 / Revised: 27 September 2022 / Accepted: 10 October 2022 / Published: 11 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)
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Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium that lives in the oral cavity. It is an integral part of the oral microbiome, which includes more than 500 types of bacteria. Under certain circumstances, as a consequence of virulence factors, it can become very destructive and proliferate to many cells in periodontal lesions. It is one of the causative agents present extremely often in dental plaque and is the main etiological factor in the development of periodontal disease. During various therapeutic procedures, P. gingivalis can enter the blood and disseminate through it to distant organs. This primarily refers to the influence of periodontal agents on the development of subacute endocarditis and can facilitate the development of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and ischemic infarction. The action of P. gingivalis is facilitated by numerous factors of virulence and pathogenicity such as fimbriae, hemolysin, hemagglutinin, capsules, outer membrane vesicles, lipopolysaccharides, and gingipains. A special problem is the possibility of biofilm formation. P. gingivalis in a biofilm is 500 to 1000 times less sensitive to antimicrobial drugs than planktonic cells, which represents a significant problem in the treatment of infections caused by this pathogen.
Keywords: atherosclerosis; cardiology; periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; virulence factors atherosclerosis; cardiology; periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; virulence factors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aleksijević, L.H.; Aleksijević, M.; Škrlec, I.; Šram, M.; Šram, M.; Talapko, J. Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101173

AMA Style

Aleksijević LH, Aleksijević M, Škrlec I, Šram M, Šram M, Talapko J. Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases. Pathogens. 2022; 11(10):1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101173

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksijević, Lorena Horvat, Marko Aleksijević, Ivana Škrlec, Marko Šram, Miroslav Šram, and Jasminka Talapko. 2022. "Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases" Pathogens 11, no. 10: 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101173

APA Style

Aleksijević, L. H., Aleksijević, M., Škrlec, I., Šram, M., Šram, M., & Talapko, J. (2022). Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases. Pathogens, 11(10), 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101173

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