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Volume 11
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10.3390/pathogens11060677
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Article

The Geological Characteristics of the Vadose Zone Influence the Impact of Treated Wastewater on the Groundwater Quality (SCA.Re.S. Project 2019–2020)

by
Osvalda De Giglio
1,
Francesco Triggiano
1,
Francesca Apollonio
1,
Chrysovalentinos Pousis
1,
Carla Calia
1,
Giusy Diella
1,
Francesco Bagordo
2,
Sapia Murgolo
3,
Tiziana Grassi
4,
Cristina De Ceglie
3,
Silvia Brigida
3,
Giuseppina La Rosa
5,
Pamela Mancini
5,
Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
5,
Antonella De Donno
4,
Giuseppe Mascolo
3,6,
Maria Clementina Caputo
3 and
Maria Teresa Montagna
1,*
1
Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
2
Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
3
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (IRSA), Via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
4
Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
5
Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
6
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)—Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica, Via Amendola 122 I, 70126 Bari, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2022, 11(6), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060677
Submission received: 22 April 2022 / Revised: 31 May 2022 / Accepted: 8 June 2022 / Published: 11 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Waterborne Pathogens: Epidemiology, Surveillance, Control and Risk)
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Abstract

This study evaluated whether some chemical and microbial contaminants in treated sewage effluents from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) reached the groundwater when they drained through a fractured karst vadose zone (WWTP-K) and a porous vadose zone (WWTP-P). Forty-five samples of sewage water (SW), treated water (TW), and monitoring well (MW), collected from WWTP-P (24) and WWTP-K (21), were analyzed for a range of microbiological and chemical properties. The E. coli and Salmonella counts were below the limits outlined in the Legislative Decree 152/06 in effluents from both types of WWTP. Enteric viruses were found in 37.5% and 12.5% of the SW and TW from WWTP-P, respectively. The percentages of Pepper mild mottle virus isolated were higher in TW (62.5% in WWTP-P, 85.7% in WWTP-K) than in SW and MW. The residual concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) of each drug category were higher in the MW downstream of WWTP-K than of WWTP-P. Our results showed that the porous vadose zone was more effective at reducing the contaminant loads than the fractured karst one, especially the CEC, in the effluent. The legislation should include other parameters to minimize the risks from treated effluent that is discharged to soil.
Keywords: wastewater treatment plant; groundwater; contaminants of emerging concern; chemicals; enteric viruses; porous aquifer; karst aquifer wastewater treatment plant; groundwater; contaminants of emerging concern; chemicals; enteric viruses; porous aquifer; karst aquifer

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

De Giglio, O.; Triggiano, F.; Apollonio, F.; Pousis, C.; Calia, C.; Diella, G.; Bagordo, F.; Murgolo, S.; Grassi, T.; De Ceglie, C.; et al. The Geological Characteristics of the Vadose Zone Influence the Impact of Treated Wastewater on the Groundwater Quality (SCA.Re.S. Project 2019–2020). Pathogens 2022, 11, 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060677

AMA Style

De Giglio O, Triggiano F, Apollonio F, Pousis C, Calia C, Diella G, Bagordo F, Murgolo S, Grassi T, De Ceglie C, et al. The Geological Characteristics of the Vadose Zone Influence the Impact of Treated Wastewater on the Groundwater Quality (SCA.Re.S. Project 2019–2020). Pathogens. 2022; 11(6):677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060677

Chicago/Turabian Style

De Giglio, Osvalda, Francesco Triggiano, Francesca Apollonio, Chrysovalentinos Pousis, Carla Calia, Giusy Diella, Francesco Bagordo, Sapia Murgolo, Tiziana Grassi, Cristina De Ceglie, and et al. 2022. "The Geological Characteristics of the Vadose Zone Influence the Impact of Treated Wastewater on the Groundwater Quality (SCA.Re.S. Project 2019–2020)" Pathogens 11, no. 6: 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060677

APA Style

De Giglio, O., Triggiano, F., Apollonio, F., Pousis, C., Calia, C., Diella, G., Bagordo, F., Murgolo, S., Grassi, T., De Ceglie, C., Brigida, S., La Rosa, G., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., De Donno, A., Mascolo, G., Caputo, M. C., & Montagna, M. T. (2022). The Geological Characteristics of the Vadose Zone Influence the Impact of Treated Wastewater on the Groundwater Quality (SCA.Re.S. Project 2019–2020). Pathogens, 11(6), 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060677

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