Innovative Elastomers with Antimicrobial Activity May Decrease Infection Risks during Milking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Elastomer Characteristics
2.2. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions
2.3. Preparation of Silicone Sheets and Microplate Loading
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Rubber Elastomers
3.2. Silicone Elastomers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Components | Patented Antimicrobial Additive (1%) | Acronym (in Tables and Figures) |
---|---|---|
NBR Acrylonitrile Copolymer (CAS 9003-18-3) 50–60% Carbon black (CAS: 1333-86-4) 3–7% Plasticizer (CAS 103-23-1) 6–10% Calcined kaolin (CAS 92704-41-1) 20–24% Precipitated silica (112926-00-8) 4–6% Stearic acid (CAS: 57-11-4) 0.1–1% TMTM (CAS 97-74-5) 0.1–1% ZDBC (CAS 136-23-2) 0.1–1% Sulfur (CAS 7704-14-9) 0.1–2% | Zinc oxide (CAS 1314-13-2) Magnesium oxide (CAS 1309-48-4) Silver chloride (CAS 7783-90-6) Silver phosphate glass (CAS- 308069-39-8) Zinc pyrithione (CAS 13463-41-7) | R1 |
Butilic rubber (CAS 9010-85-5) 54–57% Carbon black (CAS: 1333-86-4) 26–29% Calcium carbonate (CAS 1317-65-3) 9.5–11% Stearic acid (CAS: 57-11-4) 0.1–1% ZOEC (CAS 14324-55-1) 0.25–1% TMDM (CAS 137-26-8) 0.4–1.8% Sulfur (CAS 7704-14-9) 0.1–2% | Zinc oxide (CAS 1314-13-2) Magnesium oxide (CAS 1309-48-4) Silver chloride (CAS 7783-90-6) Silver phosphate glass (CAS 308069-39-8) Zinc pyrithione (CAS 13463-41-7) | R2 |
Main Components | Patented Antimicrobial Additive | Acronym (in Table and Figures) |
---|---|---|
Silicone rubber (CAS: 63394-02-5) 95–99% 50% Dicumyl peroxide (CAS 80-43-3)– Organic peroxides, H242 50%2.5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperox) hexane (CAS 78-63-7)–Organic peroxides, H24 | Silver chloride (CAS 7783-90-6) Silver phosphate glass (CAS 308069-39-8) Zinc pyrithione (CAS 13463-41-7) | S3 |
Zinc oxide (CAS 1314-13-2) Magnesium oxide (CAS 1309-48-4) Silver chloride (CAS 7783-90-6) Silver phosphate glass (CAS 308069-39-8) Zinc pyrithione (CAS 13463-41-7) | S4 | |
Magnesium oxide (CAS 1309-48-4) Silver chloride (CAS 7783-90-6) Silver phosphate glass (CAS 308069-39-8) Zinc pyrithione (CAS 13463-41-7) | S5 | |
Zinc oxide (CAS 1314-13-2) Magnesium oxide (CAS 1309-48-4) Silver chloride (CAS 7783-90-6) Silver phosphate glass (CAS 308069-39-8) | S6 | |
2% Silver phosphate glass (CAS 308069-39-8) Zinc pyrithione (CAS 13463-41-7) | S7 | |
Same as above but at 3% concentration | S8 | |
Same as above but at 4% concentration | S9 |
Pathogen | Median Survival Rate (%) | Control vs. R1 (PAA-Added) p = | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | R1 | ||||||
S. aureus | T1 a | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 | |
103 CFU/mL | 82 b | 81 | 0 | 70 | 50 | 0 | <0.0001 |
104 CFU/mL | 95 | 75 | 14 | 78 | 50 | 0 | <0.0001 |
S. agalactiae | |||||||
103 CFU/mL | 96 | 61 | 0 | 70 | 50 | 0 | <0.0001 |
104 CFU/mL | 97 | 86 | 2 | 67 | 50 | 0 | <0.0001 |
E. coli | |||||||
103 CFU/mL | 79 | 53 | 7 | 67 | 50 | 0 | <0.0001 |
104 CFU/mL | 80 | 56 | 3 | 67 | 50 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Pathogen | Median Survival Rate (%) | Control vs. R2 (PAA-Added) p = | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | R2 | ||||||
S. aureus | T1 a | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 | |
103 CFU/mL | 100 b | 84 | 12 | 95 | 71 | 2 | <0.0001 |
104 CFU/mL | 92 | 78 | 12 | 86 | 65 | 0 | <0.0001 |
S. agalactiae | |||||||
103 CFU/mL | 79 | 63 | 0 | 75 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
104 CFU/mL | 85 | 55 | 0 | 73 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
E. coli | |||||||
103 CFU/mL | 88 | 57 | 0 | 90 | 85 | 44 | <0.0001 |
104 CFU/mL | 88 | 54 | 0 | 94 | 82 | 28 | <0.0001 |
Pathogen | Median Survival Rate (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | S3 | S4 | |||||||
S. aureus | T1 a | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 |
103 CFU/mL | 98 b | 79 | 6 | 87 | 62 | 3 | 95 | 68 | 3 |
104 CFU/mL | 86 | 77 | 8 | 80 | 40 | 0 | 78 | 51 | 0 |
S. agalactiae | |||||||||
103 CFU/mL | 79 | 71 | 2 | 90 | 45 | 0 | 85 | 0 | 0 |
104 CFU/mL | 81 | 79 | 50 | 93 | 50 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
E. coli | |||||||||
103 CFU/mL | 88 | 84 | 84 | 98 | 81 | 0 | 91 | 76 | 3 |
104 CFU/mL | 92 | 93 | 99 | 87 | 64 | 0 | 89 | 61 | 1 |
Pathogen | Median Survival Rate (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | S5 | S6 | |||||||
S. aureus | T1a | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 |
103 CFU/mL | 98 b | 79 | 6 | 90 | 57 | 1 | 96 | 67 | 2 |
104 CFU/mL | 86 | 77 | 8 | 93 | 68 | 1 | 95 | 67 | 4 |
S. agalactiae | |||||||||
103 CFU/mL | 79 | 71 | 2 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 51 | 0 |
104 CFU/mL | 81 | 79 | 50 | 100 | 51 | 0 | 100 | 58 | 0 |
E. coli | |||||||||
103 CFU/mL | 88 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 74 | 2 | 86 | 68 | 4 |
104 CFU/mL | 92 | 93 | 99 | 76 | 50 | 1 | 80 | 61 | 1 |
Pathogen | Median Survival Rate (%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | S7 | S8 | S9 | |||||||||
S. aureus | T1 a | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | T24 | T1 | T6 | ||||
103 CFU/mL | 98 b | 79 | 6 | 99 | 75 | 7 | 95 | 76 | 26 | 98 | 77 | 5 |
104 CFU/mL | 86 | 77 | 8 | 95 | 86 | 26 | 96 | 62 | 17 | 93 | 87 | 18 |
S. agalactiae | ||||||||||||
103 CFU/mL | 79 | 71 | 2 | 91 | 81 | 6 | 98 | 81 | 14 | 94 | 86 | 22 |
104 CFU/mL | 81 | 79 | 50 | 99 | 84 | 0.4 | 99 | 72 | 6 | 97 | 84 | 8 |
E. coli | ||||||||||||
103 CFU/mL | 88 | 84 | 84 | 97 | 93 | 27 | 99 | 71 | 7 | 94 | 78 | 22 |
104 CFU/mL | 92 | 93 | 99 | 96 | 93 | 15 | 100 | 98 | 31 | 99 | 95 | 8 |
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Meroni, G.; Sora, V.; Zaghen, F.; Laterza, G.; Martino, P.A.; Zecconi, A. Innovative Elastomers with Antimicrobial Activity May Decrease Infection Risks during Milking. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121431
Meroni G, Sora V, Zaghen F, Laterza G, Martino PA, Zecconi A. Innovative Elastomers with Antimicrobial Activity May Decrease Infection Risks during Milking. Pathogens. 2023; 12(12):1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121431
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeroni, Gabriele, Valerio Sora, Francesca Zaghen, Giulia Laterza, Piera Anna Martino, and Alfonso Zecconi. 2023. "Innovative Elastomers with Antimicrobial Activity May Decrease Infection Risks during Milking" Pathogens 12, no. 12: 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121431