Functional Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Virus Neutralization
2.3. Virus Titration
2.4. Immunofluorescence
2.5. RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
2.6. Primer Design
2.7. Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
2.8. Immunoblotting
2.9. Immunohistochemistry
2.10. Scratch Wound Assay
2.11. Cell Duplication Assay
(number of counted cells × 0.33)/3 × 0.1 mm3 = number of cells/mL
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Acidic Inactivation of the Supernatant Results in CDV Neutralization
3.2. Acidic Inactivation of the Supernatant Does Not Affect the GM-CSF Protein Content
3.3. GM-CSF Produced by CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF-Infected DH82 Cells Is Functional and Does Not Affect DH82 Cell Behavior
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Antibody | Host Species, Clonality | Blocking Serum | Dilution | Secondary Antibody (1:200) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CDV-NP (University of Bern, Prof. Zurbriggen) | Mouse, monoclonal, clone D110 | Goat serum | 1:100 (IF) | GaM-Cy3 |
CD116 (Invitrogen, CA, USA) | Rabbit, polyclonal | Goat serum | 1:500 (IHC) | GaR-b |
Gene | Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | Amplicon Length (bp) | Position | GenBank Accession Number | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDV # | Forward * | ACAGGATTGCTGAGGACCTAT | 287 | 769–789 | AF378705 |
Reverse * | CAAGATAACCATGTACGGTGC | 1055–1035 | |||
Forward | GCTCTTGGGTTGCATGAGTT | 83 | 954–973 | ||
Reverse | GCTGTTTCACCCATCTGTTG | 1036–1017 |
TCID50/mL | ||
---|---|---|
Range w/o Acidification | Range After Acidification | |
non-infected control | - | - |
CDV-Ond pi | 103–104 | - |
CDV-Ondneon pi | 103–103.75 | - |
CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF pi | 103–104 | - |
Infection Status | Number of CDV mRNA Transcripts in Supernatants without Acidification Median (Range) | Number of CDV mRNA Transcripts in Supernatants after Acidification Median (Range) |
---|---|---|
Non-infected | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 0 (0.00–0.00) |
CDV-Ond pi | 2841.86 (668.86–10154.25) | 156.98 (93.92–495.60) |
CDV-Ondneon pi | 4287.86 (1132.87–17252.94) | 122.14 (103.97–237.24) |
CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF pi | 17508.73 (6657.71–87199.45) | 821.93 (514.62–1481.72) |
Infection Status | CDV nucleoprotein IOD in Supernatants without Acidification Median (Range) | CDV nucleoprotein IOD in Supernatants after Acidification Median (Range) |
---|---|---|
Non-infected | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
CDV-Ond pi | 11.05 (4.12–33.32) | 13.24 (2.96–13.44) |
CDV-Ondneon pi | 58.11 (45.88–112.42) | 45.24 (42.21–124.92) |
CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF pi | 113.84 (84.48–155.00) | 142.68 (99.00–154.71) |
Infection Status | GM-CSF IOD in Supernatants without Acidification Median (Range) | GM-CSF IOD in Supernatants after Acidification Median (Range) |
---|---|---|
Non-infected | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
CDV-Ond pi | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
CDV-Ondneon pi | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF pi | 130.48 (62.98–150.29) | 131.08 (45.29–153.36) |
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Marek, K.; Armando, F.; Asawapattanakul, T.; Nippold, V.M.; Plattet, P.; Gerold, G.; Baumgärtner, W.; Puff, C. Functional Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. Pathogens 2023, 12, 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070877
Marek K, Armando F, Asawapattanakul T, Nippold VM, Plattet P, Gerold G, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Functional Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. Pathogens. 2023; 12(7):877. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070877
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarek, Katarzyna, Federico Armando, Thanaporn Asawapattanakul, Vanessa Maria Nippold, Philippe Plattet, Gisa Gerold, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, and Christina Puff. 2023. "Functional Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus" Pathogens 12, no. 7: 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070877
APA StyleMarek, K., Armando, F., Asawapattanakul, T., Nippold, V. M., Plattet, P., Gerold, G., Baumgärtner, W., & Puff, C. (2023). Functional Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. Pathogens, 12(7), 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070877