Testing Hepatitis E Seroprevalence among HIV-Infected Patients in Greece: The SHIP Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria/Data Collection
- Adults (aged ≥ 18 years) diagnosed with HIV infection, as confirmed by standard diagnostic criteria, irrespective of the date of diagnosis or treatment.
- Active follow-up at one of the participating centers.
- Provision of written informed consent.
- Available medical records for review of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data.
- Individuals younger than 18 years.
- Patients who do not consent to participate in the study.
- Insufficient medical records to assess HEV- and HIV-related clinical and laboratory parameters.
- Inability to comply with study procedures, including follow-up visits and blood sample collections.
- Concomitant participation in another interventional clinical trial that might interfere with the HEV study outcomes.
2.3. Sampling and Detection of Anti-HEV Antibodies and HEV RNA
2.4. Follow-Up Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. HEV Screening Results
3.3. Longitudinal Analysis
3.4. Anti-HEV Positive Subgroup Analysis
3.5. HEV-RNA-Positive and Anti-HEV IgM-Positive Subgroups’ Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) | |
Age (IQR) | 46 (39–55) |
Male sex (%) | 589 (84.6%) |
Years since Dx (IQR) | 9 (5–14) |
Years under Tx (IQR) | 7 (4–12) |
CD4 cell count (cell/µL) | 687 (491–910) |
(B) | |
Risk Factors | |
Intravenous drug use (IVDU) (%) | 50 (7.2%) |
MSM (%) | 316 (45.4%) |
Mode of HIV transmission | |
Blood (%) | 42 (6%) |
Sex (%) | 421 (60.5%) |
Unknown (%) | 233 (33.5%) |
ART regimen included: | |
NRTI (%) | 551 (79.2%) |
NNRTI (%) | 117 (16.8%) |
INSTI (%) | 452 (64.9%) |
PI (%) | 136 (19.5%) |
HIV Stage at time of enrollment: | |
A1–A3 (%) | 465 (66.8%) |
B1–B3 (%) | 100 (14.3%) |
C1–C3 (%) | 109 (15.6%) |
Unknown (%) | 20 (2.8%) |
Infectious disease panel | |
HBsAg positive (%) | 30 (4.3%) |
Anti-HCV IgG positive (%) | 51 (7.3%) |
Anti-HAV IgG positive (%) | 152 (21.8%) |
Syphilis test positive (%) | 124 (17.8%) |
History of tuberculosis (TB) (%) | 12 (1.7%) |
History of gonococcal disease (%) | 55 (7.9%) |
History of chlamydia (%) | 39 (5.6%) |
Other STDs (%) | 29 (4.2%) |
HEV IgG positive (%) | 115 (16.5%) |
HEV IgM positive (%) | 60 (8.6%) |
HEV IgM positive/IgG positive (%) | 35 (5%) |
HEV IgM positive/IgG negative (%) | 25 (3.6%) |
HEV IgG positive/IgM negative (%) | 80 (11.5%) |
HEV IgM negative/IgG negative (%) | 516 (74.1%) |
HEV RNA positive (%) | 16 (2.3%) |
HEV IgG/IgM (+) [n = 140] | HEV IgG/IgM (−) [n = 556] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Male sex (%) | 117 (83.6%) | 472 (84.9%) | 0.798 |
Age (IQR) | 49 (42–57) | 46 (39–54) | 0.156 |
Years since Dx (IQR) | 9 (5–14) | 8 (4–13) | 0.830 |
Years under Tx (IQR) | 7 (4–11) | 8 (4–12) | 0.877 |
IVDU (%) | 16 (11.6%) | 34 (6.1%) | 0.042 |
MSM (%) | 58 (42.3%) | 258 (46.7%) | 0.407 |
Bloodborne transmission (%) | 13 (9.4%) | 29 (5.2%) | 0.100 |
Sexual transmission (%) | 80 (58%) | 341 (61.5%) | 0.500 |
NRTI (%) | 112 (80%) | 439 (79%) | 0.243 |
NNRTI (%) | 19 (13.6%) | 98 (17.6%) | 0.193 |
INSTI (%) | 88 (62.9%) | 364 (65.5%) | 0.066 |
PI (%) | 33 (23.6%) | 103 (18.5%) | 0.461 |
HBsAg (%) | 10 (7.2%) | 20 (3.6%) | 0.106 |
HCV Ab (%) | 16 (11.6%) | 35 (6.3%) | 0.056 |
HAV Ab (%) | 52 (37.1%) | 100 (18%) | <0.001 |
RPR/VDRL/TPHA (+) (%) | 31 (22.1%) | 93 (17%) | 0.160 |
TB (%) | 3 (2.1%) | 9 (1.6%) | 0.714 |
Past history of gonococcal disease (%) | 3 (2.1%) | 52 (9.3%) | 0.003 |
Past history of chlamydia (%) | 0 (0%) | 39 (7%) | <0.001 |
Other STDs (%) | 0 (0%) | 29 (5.2%) | 0.002 |
HIV Stage | |||
A1–A3 (%) | 85 (60.7%) | 380 (68.4%) | 0.089 |
B1–B3 (%) | 26 (18.6%) | 74 (13.3%) | 0.137 |
C1–C3 (%) | 26 (18.6%) | 83 (14.9%) | 0.299 |
Unknown Stage (%) | 3 (2.1%) | 17 (3%) | 0.779 |
Laboratory Value | |||
WBC (×103/uL) | 6570 (4960–8180) | 6440 (5090–7790) | 0.766 |
PLT (×103/uL) | 253 (217–289) | 239 (197–281) | 0.140 |
SGOT (U/L) | 22 (16–28) | 22 (17–27) | 0.307 |
SGPT (U/L) | 24 (15.5–32.5) | 24 (15.5–32.5) | 0.863 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.57 (4.24–4.78) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 0.01 |
Globulin (g/dL) | 3.1 (2.97–3.67) | 3 (2.7–3.3) | 0.049 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 31 (25.5–36.5) | 32 (26.4–37.6) | 0.102 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.95 (0.81–1.09) | 1.0 (0.87–1.14) | 0.212 |
CD4 Cell Count | 672 (488–896) | 692(492–919) | 0.964 |
Characteristic | Value (IQR/%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 43 (33–59) |
Male sex | 13 (81.3%) |
Years under Treatment | 7 (5–8) |
MSM | 8 (50%) |
IVDU | 2 (12.5%) |
Sexual transmission | 8 (50%) |
Bloodborne transmission | 1 (6.3%) |
HBsAg-positive | 0 (0%) |
HAV Ab-positive | 3 (18.9%) |
HCV Ab-positive | 1 (6.3%) |
Syphilis test-positive | 3 (18.9%) |
CD4 Cell Count (cells/µL) | 673 (447–899) |
SGOT (U/L) | 28 (20–32) |
SGPT (U/L) | 26 (19–32) |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.15 (3.9–4.6) |
Characteristic | Value (IQR/%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 49 (43–56) |
Male sex | 50 (83.3%) |
Years under Treatment | 9 (6–14) |
MSM | 25 (41.6%) |
IVDU | 6 (10%) |
Sexual transmission | 29 (48.3%) |
Bloodborne transmission | 2 (3.3%) |
HBsAg-positive | 4 (6.6%) |
HAV Ab-positive | 25 (41.6%) |
HCV Ab-positive | 8 (13.3%) |
Syphilis test-positive | 10 (16.6%) |
CD4 Cell Count (cells/µL) | 779.5 (602–957) |
SGOT (U/L) | 21 (18–29) |
SGPT (U/L) | 23 (17–32) |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.57 (4.26–4.83) |
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Antonopoulou, N.; Schinas, G.; Kotsiri, Z.; Tsachouridou, O.; Protopapas, K.; Petrakis, V.; Petrakis, E.C.; Papageorgiou, D.; Tzimotoudis, D.; Metallidis, S.; et al. Testing Hepatitis E Seroprevalence among HIV-Infected Patients in Greece: The SHIP Study. Pathogens 2024, 13, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070536
Antonopoulou N, Schinas G, Kotsiri Z, Tsachouridou O, Protopapas K, Petrakis V, Petrakis EC, Papageorgiou D, Tzimotoudis D, Metallidis S, et al. Testing Hepatitis E Seroprevalence among HIV-Infected Patients in Greece: The SHIP Study. Pathogens. 2024; 13(7):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070536
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonopoulou, Nikolina, Georgios Schinas, Zoi Kotsiri, Olga Tsachouridou, Konstantinos Protopapas, Vasileios Petrakis, Emmanouil C. Petrakis, Despoina Papageorgiou, Dimosthenis Tzimotoudis, Simeon Metallidis, and et al. 2024. "Testing Hepatitis E Seroprevalence among HIV-Infected Patients in Greece: The SHIP Study" Pathogens 13, no. 7: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070536