A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
3.1. Animals
3.1.1. Canids
3.1.2. Primates
3.1.3. Ruminants
3.1.4. Rodents
3.1.5. Insects
3.2. Water
3.3. Fruit and Vegetables
3.4. Soil
3.5. PCR and Microscopy
3.6. Global Distribution
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Species Parasite | Prevalence | Sample Size | Detection Method | Country | Reference | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongyloides stercoralis | 1% | 3465 | Microscopy | Romania | (Ardelean et al., 2005) [60] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 49% | 35 | Molecular | Australia | (Beknazarova et al., 2017) [59] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 3208 | Microscopy | Iceland | (Eydal and Skirnisson 2016) [88] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 215 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Ferreira et al., 2006) [89] | Dog |
Strongyloides spp. | <1% | 457 | Microscopy | Canada | (Gaunt and Carr 2011) [90] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 181 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Goncalves et al., 2007) [91] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 87% | 88 | Molecular | Cambodia | (Jaleta et al., 2017) [6] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 879 | Microscopy | Greece | (Kostopoulou et al., 2017) [48] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 189 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Leelayoova et al., 2009) [49] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 45% | 171 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Martins et al., 2012) [58] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 4% | 52 | Microscopy | Romania | (Mircean et al., 2012) [92] | Dog |
Strongyloides spp. | 5% | 175 | Microscopy | Malaysia | (Noor Azian et al., 2008) [40] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 281 | Microscopy | Greece | (Papazahariadouet al., 2007) [50] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 272 | Microscopy | Italy | (Paradies et al., 2017) [93] | Dog |
Strongyloides spp. | 11% | 90 | Microscopy | Sri Lanka | (Perera et al., 2013) [57] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 6% | 174 | Microscopy | Iran | (Razmi et al., 2009) [52] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 239 | Microscopy | Italy | (Riggio et al., 2013) [53] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 639 | Microscopy | Italy | (Sauda et al., 2018) [55] | Dog |
Strongyloides spp. | 15% | 94 | Microscopy | Cambodia | (Schär et al.,2014) [87] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 10% | 60 | Microscopy | Slovakia | (Štrkolcová et al., 2017) [45] | Dog |
Strongyloides spp. | 2% | 171 | Microscopy | England | (Wright et al., 2016) [56] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 463 | Microscopy | Italy | (Zanzani et al., 2014) [94] | Dog |
Strongyloides spp. | 2% | 197 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Pumidonming et al., 2016) [51] | Dog |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 18% | 824 | Microscopy | Qatar | (Abu-Madi et al., 2007) [95] | Cat |
Strongyloides spp. | 47% | 28 | Microscopy | Christmas Island | (Adams et al., 2008) [96] | Cat |
Strongyloides spp. | 54% | 37 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Lima et al., 2017) [97] | Cat |
Strongyloides spp. | 3% | 414 | Microscopy | Romania | (Mircean et al., 2010) [98] | Cat |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 14% | 173 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Monteiro et al., 2016) [99] | Cat |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 44% | 103 | Microscopy | Kenya | (Njuguna et al., 2017) [100] | Cat |
Strongyloides spp. | <1% | 300 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Rojekittikhun et al., 2014) [101] | Cat |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 21% | 38 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Sedionoto and Anamnart 2018) [102] | Cat |
Strongyloides spp. | 99 1.0% | 99 | Microscopy | Denmark | (Takeuchi-Storm et al., 2015) [103] | Cat |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | UNK | UNK | Molecular and Microscopy | Japan | (Arizono et al., 2012) [13] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 41 44% | 41 | Microscopy | Uganda | (Bezjian et al., 2008) [11] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 37% | 24 | Microscopy | French Guiana | (De Thoisy et al., 2001) [14] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 21% | 125 | Microscopy | India | (Ekanayake et al., 2006) [104] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 28% | 293 | Microscopy | Uganda | (Gillespie et al., 2004) [105] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% S. stercoralis, 4% S. fuelleborni | 2103 | Microscopy | Uganda | (Gillespie et al., 2005) [106] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 84% | 153 | Microscopy | Tanzania | (Gillespie et al., 2010) [107] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides spp. | 11% S. fulleborni, 15% S. spp | 27 | Microscopy | Spain | (Gomez et al., 1996) [15] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 23% | 401 | Microscopy | Japan | (Gotoh 2000) [108] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides stercoralis | 100% | 7 | Molecular | Uganda | (Hasegawa et al., 2016) [61] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 88% | 96 | Microscopy | Ecuador | (Helenbrook et al., 2015) [64] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 4% | 238 | Microscopy | Uganda | (Hodder and Chapman 2012) [109] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 7% | 40 | Microscopy | Kenya | (Karere and Munene 2002) [12] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 41% | 624 | Microscopy | Borneo | (Klaus et al., 2018) [62] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 32% | 652 | Microscopy | Borneo | (Klaus et al., 2017) [110] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 57% | 141 | Microscopy | Puerto Rico | (Knezevich et al., 1998) [111] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 43% | 686 | Microscopy | Tanzania | (Kooriyama et al., 2012) [112] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 74% | 3142 | Microscopy | Côte d’Ivoire | (Kouassi et al., 2015 [113] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 13% | 366 | Microscopy | India | (Kumar et al., 2018) [114] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 44% S. fuelleborni, 4% S. spp. | 25 | Microscopy | Malaysia | (Kuze et al., 2010) [115] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 95% | 20 | Molecular and Microscopy | Indonesia | (Labes et al., 2011) [116] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 37% | 59 | Microscopy | Ethiopia | (Legesse and Erko 2004) [117] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 5% | 222 | Microscopy | Belgium | (Levecke et al., 2007) [118] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 6% | 3349 | microscopy | China | (Li et al., 2017) [65] | Primate |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 6% | 46 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Mafuyai et al., 2013) [119] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 50% | 134 | Microscopy | Costa Rica | (Maldonado-Lopez et al., 2014) [120] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 77% | 78 | Microscopy | Ecuador | (Martin-Solano et al., 2017) [121] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 17% | 53 | Microscopy | Uganda | (Matsubayashi et al., 1992) [122] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 58% | 432 | Molecular | Uganda | (McLennan et al., 2017) [123] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 84% | 121 | Microscopy | Uganda | (Muehlenbein et al., 2005) [124] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 45% | 315 | Microscopy | Kenya | (Munene et al., 1998) [125] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 21% | 297 | Microscopy | Kenya | (Muriuki et al., 1998) [126] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 76% | 83 | Microscopy | Costa Rica | (Parr et al., 2013) [127] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 13% | 366 | Microscopy | Tanzania | (Petrasova et al., 2010) [128] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 44% | 130 | Microscopy | Tanzania | (Petrzelkova et al., 2010) [129] | Primate |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 15% | 86 | Microscopy | Peru | (Phillips et al., 2004) [130] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 43% | 47 | Microscopy | Gabon | (Pouillevet et al., 2017) [131] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 6% | 125 | Microscopy | Cameroon | (Pourrut et al., 2011) [132] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 53% | 55 | Microscopy | Ghana | (Ryan et al., 2012) [133] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 8% | 420 | Molecular | Mexico | (Solorzano-Garcia and de Leon 2017) [134] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni | 39% | 243 | Molecular | Thailand and Laos | (Thanchomnang et al., 2018) [135] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 35% | 283 | Microscopy | India | (Tiwari et al., 2017) [136] | Primate |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 31% | 135 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Wenz-Mucke et al., 2013) [137] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 24% | 272 | Microscopy | South Africa | (Wren et al., 2015) [138] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 24% | 332 | Microscopy | South Africa | (Wren et al., 2016) [139] | Primate |
Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides spp. | UNK | 14 | Molecular | Malaysian Borneo | (Frias et al., 2018) [140] | Primate |
Strongyloides spp. | 29% | 64 | Microscopy | Brazil | (De Souza et al., 2012) [66] | Sheep |
Strongyloides spp. | 8% | 165 | Microscopy | Papua New Guinea | (Koinari et al., 2013) [141] | Sheep |
Strongyloides spp. | <1% | 27 | Microscopy | New England | (MacGlaflin et al., 2011) [142] | Sheep |
Strongyloides spp. | UNK | 1798 | Microscopy | Brazil | (McManus et al., 2009) [143] | Sheep |
Strongyloides spp. | 2% | 275 | Microscopy | Greenland | (Andreassen et al., 2017) [144] | Fox |
Strongyloides spp. | 4% | 22 | Microscopy | Iran | (Dalimi et al., 2006) [145] | Fox |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 16% | 249 | Microscopy | Mexico | (Hernandez-Camacho et al., 2011) [146] | Fox |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 1198 | Microscopy | Slovakia | (Miterpakova et al., 2009) [147] | Fox |
Strongyloides spp. | 65% | 60 | Microscopy | Pakistan | (Afshan et al., 2013) [16] | Rat |
Strongyloides spp. | 97% | 299 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Carvalho-Pereira et al., 2018) [17] | Rat |
Strongyloides spp. | 40% | 25 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Lima et al., 2017) [97] | Rat |
Strongyloides spp. | 13% | 76 | Microscopy | Bangladesh | (Fuehrer et al., 2012) [18] | Rat |
Strongyloides spp. | 10% | 502 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Isaac et al., 2018) [19] | Mouse and rat |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 53% | 98 | Microscopy | Indonesia | (Prasetyo et al., 2016) [20] | House rat |
Strongyloides spp. | 10% | 10 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Souza et al., 2015) [21] | Capybaras |
Strongyloides spp. | 10% | 31 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Gioia-Di Chiacchio et al., 2014) [22] | Capybaras |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 6530 | Microscopy | Ethiopia | (Fetene and Worku 2009) [23] | Flies |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 9950 | Microscopy | Ethiopia | (Getachew et al., 2007) [24] | Flies |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 5000 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Umeche 1989b) [25] | Flies |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 12% | 749 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Adenusi et al., 2018) [26] | Cockroaches |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 1% | 920 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Chamavit et al., 2010) [27] | Cockroaches |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 81% | 70 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Morenikeji et al., 2016) [28] | Cockroaches |
Strongyloides stercoralis | UNK | 234 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Tatfeng et al., 2005) [29] | Cockroaches |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 125 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Adesewa and Morenikeji, 2017) [82] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 3% | 625 | Microscopy | Spain | (Dado et al., 2012) [38] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 8% | 120 | Microscopy | Egypt | (Etewa et al., 2016) [83] | Soil |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 1% | 797 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Ivoke et al., 2017) [85] | Geophagy |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2% | 1078 | Microscopy | Tanzania | (Kawai et al., 2009) [86] | Geophagy |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 3% | 112 | Microscopy | Iran | (Motazedian et al., 2006) [39] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 7% | 182 | Microscopy | Malaysia | (Noor Azian et al., 2008) [40] | Soil |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 20% | 102 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Ogbolu et al., 2011) [41] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 5% | 2520 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Rocha et al., 2011) [42] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 2% | 500 | Microscopy | Czech Republic | (Valkounova 1982) [43] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 3% | 125 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Mandarino-Pereira et al., 2010) [44] | Soil |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 14% | 14 | Microscopy | Slovakia | (Strkolcova et al., 2017) [45] | Soil |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 12% | 17 | Microscopy | South Africa | (Sumbele et al., 2014) [84] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 4% | 45 | Microscopy | Romania | (Tudor 2015) [46] | Soil |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 6% | 150 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Umeche 1989a) [47] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | 6% | 16 | Microscopy | Brazil | (da Silva et al., 2014) [148] | Soil |
Strongyloides spp. | UNK | 8 | Microscopy | Cameroon | (Aghaindum and Landry, 2019) [149] | Non-potable water |
Strongyloides spp. | 40% - 100% | 100 | Microscopy | Saudi Arabia | (Bolbol 1992) [69] | Non-potable water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2%% | UNK | Microscopy | Brazil | (Bastos et al., 2008) [70] | Non-potable water |
Strongyloides spp. | 100% | 3 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Cutolo et al., 2006) [71] | Non-potable water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 19% | 52 | Microscopy | Palestine | (Hilles et al., 2014) [150] | Seawater |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 1% | 85 | Microscopy | Turkey | (Bakir et al., 2003) [151] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides spp. | 11% S. fuelleborni, 15% S. spp. | 9950 | Microscopy | Zimbabwe | (Dalu et al., 2011) [76] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides spp. | UNK | UNK | Microscopy | Egypt | (El Shazly et al., 2003) [75] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 7% | 80 | Microscopy | Egypt | (El-Badry et al., 2018) [152] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 81% | 16 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Freitas et al., 2017) [153] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 51% | 232 | Microscopy | India | (Jonnalagadda and Bhat 1995) [77] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 100% | UNK | Microscopy | USA | (Klotz et al., 1992) [154] | Drinking water |
Strongyloides stercoralis | UNK | UNK | Molecular | Malaysia | (Zeehaida et al., 2011) [155] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 1130 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Adamu et al., 2012) [30] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | <1% | 960 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Adenusi et al., 2015) [31] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 10% | 150 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Amaechi et al., 2016) [78] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 7% | 190 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Amuta et al., 2017) [32] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 7% | 240 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Dada et al., 2015) [33] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides spp. | 1% | 453 | Microscopy | Iran | (Fallah et al., 2016) [34] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 36% | 360 | Microscopy | Ghana | (Kudah et al., 2018) [35] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides spp. | 13% | 108 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Luz et al., 2017) [156] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides spp. | 19% | 199 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Maikai et al., 2012) [157] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides spp. | 11% | 36 | Microscopy | Malaysia | (Matyusof et al., 2017) [80] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 1% | 260 | Microscopy | Sudan | (Mohamed et al., 2016) [36] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 10% | 265 | Microscopy | Thailand | (Punsawad et al., 2019) [37] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 46% | 120 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Ogbolu et al., 2009) [81] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 14% | 140 | Microscopy | Iran | (Madadi 2010) [158] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 19% | 80 | Microscopy | Nigeria | (Ohaeri and Unogu 2011) [79] | Fruit & vegetables |
Strongyloides spp. | 7% | 15 | Microscopy | Zambia | (Berentsen et al., 2012) [159] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 5% | 272 | Microscopy | Nepal | (Bista et al., 2017) [160] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 100% | 1 | Microscopy | Brazil | (Cardia et al., 2016) [161] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 4% | 432 | Microscopy | Spain | (Cordon et al., 2008) [162] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 40% | 52 | Microscopy | Russia | (González et al., 2007) [163] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 2% | 956 | Microscopy | India | (Gupta et al., 2018) [164] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | <1% | 1005 | Microscopy | Germany | (Hallinger et al., 2018) [165] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 31% | 42 | Microscopy | Japan | (Hasegawa et al., 2017) [166] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | <1% | 400 | Microscopy | Croatia | (Hermosilla et al., 2017) [167] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 64% - 99% | 990 | Microscopy | Mexico | (Hu et al., 2018) [168] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 4% | 821 | Microscopy | China | (Huang et al., 2014) [169] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 15% | 2280 | Microscopy | Pakistan | (Khan et al., 2010) [67] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | UNK | 6 | Microscopy | Namibia | (Kumba et al., 2003) [170] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 36% | 58 | Microscopy | Poland | (Mizgajska-Wiktor et al., 2010) [171] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 67% | 12 | Microscopy | Mexico | (Mukul-Yerves et al., 2014) [172] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 57% | 201 | Microscopy | Estonia | (Oja et al., 2017) [173] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 47% | 383 | Microscopy | Mexico | (Ojeda-Robertos et al., 2017) [174] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 7% | 6 | Molecular | Iberian Peninsula | (Perera et al., 2013) [175] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 3% | 468 | Microscopy | Poland | (Pilarczyk et al., 2015) [176] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 17% | 86 | Microscopy | Bangladesh | (Rahman et al., 2018) [177] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 3% | 1883 | Microscopy | Italy | (Rinaldi et al., 2009) [178] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 44% | 163 | Microscopy | Portugal | (Rosalino et al., 2006) [179] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 45% | 82 | Microscopy | Australia | (Turni and Smales 2001) [180] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | UNK | UNK | Microscopy | Namibia | (Turner et al., 2010) [181] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | UNK | UNK | Microscopy | Namibia | (Turner et al., 2012) [182] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | <1% | 213 | Microscopy | Kenya | (VanderWaal et al., 2014) [183] | Other animals |
Strongyloides spp. | 74% | 243 | Microscopy | Philippines | (Ybanez et al., 2018) [184] | Other animals |
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Search Terms Employed to Identify Relevant Literature |
---|
Strongyloides OR Strongyloidiasis OR “Strongyloides stercoralis” OR “S. stercoralis” OR “Strongyloides fuelleborni” OR “S. fulleborni” OR “Strongyloides fulleborni kellyi” OR “S. fulleborni kellyi” |
AND |
“Tap Water” OR “Potable water” OR Water OR Soil OR Dirt OR sediment OR synanthropic OR “synanthropic insect” OR Insect OR “Musca domestica” OR flies OR “Musca vetustissima” OR Sarcophagidae OR “Chrysomya megacephala” OR “Musca sorbens” OR “Lucilia cuprina” OR “Calliphora vicina” OR “Blattella germanica” OR “Periplaneta Americana” OR Cockroach OR dog OR “Canis lupis” OR zoonotic OR Monkey OR “septic tank” OR waste OR wastewater OR rubbish OR trash OR environment |
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A. F. White, M.; Whiley, H.; E. Ross, K. A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019, 8, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030091
A. F. White M, Whiley H, E. Ross K. A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens. 2019; 8(3):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030091
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. F. White, Mae, Harriet Whiley, and Kirstin E. Ross. 2019. "A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide" Pathogens 8, no. 3: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030091
APA StyleA. F. White, M., Whiley, H., & E. Ross, K. (2019). A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens, 8(3), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030091