Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Occurrence of Viral Genes in Wastewater Samples
2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of Norovirus
2.3. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Rotavirus
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection
4.2. Recovery of Viral Particles and Nucleic Acid Extraction
4.3. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Enteric Viruses
4.4. Nucleotide Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
4.5. Nucleotide Sequence Accession Numbers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Sampling Locations % (Positive/Total Samples) | Total Detection Rate for Each Virus (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed Raw Sewage | A2O Effluent | MBR Effluent after Disinfection | Lake Water | ||
HuNoV GI | 67 (16/24) | 45 (11/24) | 0 (0/24) | 38 (9/24) | 38 (36/96) |
HuNoV GII | 79 (19/24) | 50 (12/24) | 0 (0/24) | 33 (8/24) | 41 (39/96) |
HRVs | 75 (18/24) | 29 (7/24) | 0 (0/24) | 25 (6/24) | 32 (31/96) |
Total Detection Rate for Each Sampling Site (%) | 92 (22/24) | 71 (17/24) | 0 (0/24) | 63 (15/24) | 56 (54/96) |
Virus | Target Gene | PCR Round | Primer | Sequence (5’-3’) a | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rotavirus | VP7(G) | 1st | RoA b | CTTTAAAAGAGAGAATTTCCGTCTG | [57,58] |
1st | RoB b | TGATGATCCCATTGATATCC | |||
2nd | RoC b | TGTATGGTATTGAATATACCAC | |||
2nd | RoD b | ACTGATCCTGTTGGCCAWCC | |||
Norovirus GI | ORF1–ORF2 junction | 1st | COG1F c | CGYTGGATGCGNTTYCATGA | [34,59] |
1st | G1-SKR c | CCAACCCARCCATTRTACA | |||
2nd | G1-SKF c | CTGCCCGAATTYGTAAATGA | |||
2nd | G1-SKR c | CCAACCCARCCATTRTACA | |||
Norovirus GII | ORF1–ORF2 junction | 1st | COG2F d | CARGARBCNATGTTYAGRTGGATGAG | [34,59] |
1st | G2-SKR e | CCRCCNGCATRHCCRTTRTACAT | |||
2nd | G2-SKF e | CNTGGGAGGGCGATCGCAA | |||
2nd | G2-SKR e | CCRCCNGCATRHCCRTTRTACAT |
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Ji, Z.; Wang, X.C.; Xu, L.; Zhang, C.; Rong, C.; Rachmadi, A.T.; Amarasiri, M.; Okabe, S.; Funamizu, N.; Sano, D. Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses. Pathogens 2019, 8, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040170
Ji Z, Wang XC, Xu L, Zhang C, Rong C, Rachmadi AT, Amarasiri M, Okabe S, Funamizu N, Sano D. Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses. Pathogens. 2019; 8(4):170. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040170
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Zheng, Xiaochang C. Wang, Limei Xu, Chongmiao Zhang, Cheng Rong, Andri Taruna Rachmadi, Mohan Amarasiri, Satoshi Okabe, Naoyuki Funamizu, and Daisuke Sano. 2019. "Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses" Pathogens 8, no. 4: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040170