Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Selection and Interviews
2.2. Sample Size Determination
2.3. Sample Collection and Processing
2.4. Isolation and Identification of Salmonella spp.
2.5. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
2.6. Molecular Detection of the Resistance Genes
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Semi-Structured Interviews
3.2. Prevalence of Salmonella spp.
3.3. Antibiogram of Salmonella spp.
3.4. Antibiotyping
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Genes | Primer Sequence (5’-3’) | Amplicon Size (bp) | Annealing Temp. (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
invA | F: ATCAGTACCAGTCGTCTTATCTTGAT R:TCTGTTTACCGGGCATACCAT | 211 | 58 | [38] |
tetA | F: GGTTCACTCGAACGACGTCA R: CTGTCCGACAAGTTGCATGA | 577 | 57 | [42] |
tetB | F: CCTCAGCTTCTCAACGCGTG R: GCACCTTGCTGATGACTCTT | 634 | 56 | [42] |
qnrA | F: ATTTCTCACGCCAGGATTTG R: GATCGGCAAAGGTTAGGTCA | 516 | 53 | [43] |
Antibiotics | No. of Resistant Isolates (%) |
---|---|
Tetracycline | 34 (100) |
Ampicillin | 28 (80) |
Azithromycin | 26 (76.5) |
Meropenem | 25 (73.5) |
Oxytetracycline | 25 (73.5) |
Streptomycin | 23 (67.6) |
Imipenem | 12 (35.5) |
Ciprofloxacin | 10 (29.4) |
Chloramphenicol | 7 (20.6) |
Gentamicin | 2 (5.9) |
Pattern No. | Antibiotic Resistance Pattern | No. of Antibiotics (Classes) | Isolate No.c. |
---|---|---|---|
1 | S, TE | 2 (2) | 41, 50 |
2 | AZM, O, TE | 3 (2) | 15 b |
3 | AMP, MEM, O, TE | 4 (3) | 5 |
4 | MEM, O, S, TE | 4 (3) | 10 |
5 | AMP, AZM, O, TE | 4 (3) | 22 b, 51 b |
6 | AMP, AZM, C, TE | 4 (4) | 8 b |
7 | AMP, AZM, IPM, TE | 4 (4) | 58 |
8 | AZM, C, CIP, O, TE | 5 (4) | 28 a |
9 | AMP, AZM, MEM, O, TE | 5 (4) | 30 |
10 | AMP, C, MEM, S, TE | 5 (5) | 20 b |
11 | AMP, IPM, MEM, O, S, TE | 6 (4) | 14 |
12 | AZM, IPM, MEM, O, S, TE | 6 (4) | 26 |
13 | AMP, AZM, IPM, MEM, O, TE | 6 (4) | 35 |
14 | AMP, IPM, MEM, O, S, TE | 6 (4) | 44 b |
15 | AMP, AZM, CIP, O, S, TE | 6 (4) | 55 |
16 | AMP, CIP, IPM, MEM, S, TE | 6 (5) | 1 a |
17 | AMP, AZM, MEM, O, S, TE | 6 (5) | 29 b, 43, 45 b |
18 | AMP, AZM, CIP, MEM, O, TE | 6 (5) | 38 a,b |
19 | AMP, AZM, C, MEM, S, TE | 6 (6) | 37 |
20 | AMP, AZM, IPM, MEM, O, S, TE | 7 (5) | 9 b, 21, 24 b |
21 | AMP, AZM, C, CIP, GEN, MEM, TE | 7 (6) | 12 a,b |
22 | AMP, AZM, CIP, MEM, O, S, TE | 7 (6) | 16 a, 36 b, 52 |
23 | AMP, AZM, MEM, C, O, S, TE | 7 (6) | 40 b |
24 | AMP, AZM, C, GEN, IPM, MEM, S, TE | 8 (6) | 31 b |
25 | AMP, AZM, CIP, IPM, MEM, O, S, TE | 8 (6) | 53 b, 57 a |
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Sobur, A.; Hasan, M.; Haque, E.; Mridul, A.I.; Noreddin, A.; El Zowalaty, M.E.; Rahman, T. Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market. Pathogens 2019, 8, 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040191
Sobur A, Hasan M, Haque E, Mridul AI, Noreddin A, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman T. Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market. Pathogens. 2019; 8(4):191. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040191
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobur, Abdus, Mehedi Hasan, Emdadul Haque, Asmaul Iqbal Mridul, Ayman Noreddin, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, and Tanvir Rahman. 2019. "Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market" Pathogens 8, no. 4: 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040191