Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Isolation of Staphylococci Strains
4.2. Identification of CoNS by MALDI-TOF
4.3. Detection of Staphylococcal Superantigen Genes by Multiplex PCR
4.4. Enterotoxin Detection
4.5. Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A-D by Staph Enterotoxin II Test
4.6. Enterotoxin Identification by ReSversed Passive Latex Agglutination (RPLA)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2005/2073/oj (accessed on 12 August 2020).
- Nanoukon, C.; Argemi, X.; Sogbo, F.; Orekan, J.; Keller, D.; Affolabi, D.; Schramm, F.; Riegel, P.; Baba-Moussa, L.; Prévost, G. Pathogenic features of clinically significant coagulase-negative staphylococci in hospital and community infections in Benin. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2017, 307, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, K.; Both, A.; Weißelberg, S.; Heilmann, C.; Rohde, H. Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2020, 18, 349–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, V.C.; Romero, L.C.; Pinheiro-Hubinger, L.; Oliveira, A.; Martins, K.B.; Cunha, M.L.R.S.D. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: A 20-year study on the antimicrobial resistance profile of blood culture isolates from a teaching hospital. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 24, 160–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dakić, I.; Vukovic, D.; Stepanović, S.; Hauschild, T.; Jezek, P.; Petrás, P.; Morrison, D. Survey of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and exfoliative toxins in members of the Staphylococcus sciuri group. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43, 4875–4876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sender, G.; Pawlik, A.; Korwin-Kossakowska, A. Current concepts on the impact of coagulase-negative staphylococci causing bovine mastitis as a threat to human and animal health—A review. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 2017, 35, 123–135. [Google Scholar]
- Kadariya, J.; Smith, T.C.; Thapaliya, D. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in public health. BioMed. Res. Int. 2014, 214, 827965. [Google Scholar]
- Asao, T.; Kumeda, Y.; Kawai, T.; Shibata, T.; Oda, H.; Haruki, K.; Nakazawa, H.; Kozaki, S. An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: Estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiol. Infect. 2003, 130, 33–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hennekinne, J.A.; De Buyser, M.L.; Dragacci, S. Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: Characterization and outbreak investigation. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2012, 36, 815–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bennett, R.W. Staphylococcal enterotoxin and its rapid identification in foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based methodology. J. Food Prot. 2005, 68, 1264–1270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vernozy-Rozand, C.; Mazuy-Cruchaudet, C.; Bavai, C.; Richard, Y. Comparison of three immunological methods for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxins from food. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2004, 39, 490–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atanassova, V.; Meindl, A.; Ring, C. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw pork and uncooked smoked ham—A comparison of classical culturing detection and RFLP-PCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2001, 68, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rose, S.A.; Bankes, P.; Stringer, M.F. Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in dairy products by the reversed passive latex agglutination (SET-RPLA) kit. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1989, 8, 65–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korpysa-Dzirba, W.; Rola, J.G.; Osek, J. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Part I. Epidemiology and importance for public health. Życie Weter. 2012, 87, 695–697. [Google Scholar]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/staphylococcal/ (accessed on 10 June 2020).
- Lina, G.; Bohach, G.A.; Nair, S.P.; Hiramatsu, K.; Jouvin-Marche, E.; Mariuzza, R. Standard nomenclature for the superantigens expressed by Staphylococcus. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 189, 2334–2336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Umeda, K.; Nakamura, H.; Yamamoto, K.; Nishina, N.; Yasufuku, K.; Hirai, Y.; Hirayama, T.; Goto, K.; Hase, A.; Ogasawara, J. Molecular and epidemiological characterization of staphylococcal foodborne outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus harboring seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and selu genes without production of classical enterotoxins. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 2017, 256, 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omoe, K.; Hu, D.L.; Takahashi-Omoe, H.; Nakane, A.; Shinagawa, K. Comprehensive analysis of classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigenic toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 246, 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jarraud, S.; Peyrat, M.A.; Lim, A.; Tristan, A.; Bes, M.; Mougel, C.; Etienne, J.; Vandenesech, F.; Bonneville, M.; Lina, G. ecg A highly Prevalent operon of Enterotoxigenic Forms a Putative Nursery of superantigen in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Immunol. 2001, 166, 669–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Letertre, C.; Perelle, S.; Dilasser, F.; Fach, P. Identification of a new putative enterotoxin SEU encoded by the egc cluster of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 95, 38–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ono, H.K.; Omoe, K.; Imanishi, K.; Iwakabe, Y.; Hu, D.L.; Kato, H.; Saito, N.; Nakane, A.; Uchiyama, T.; Shinagawa, K. Identification and characterization of two novel staphylococcal enterotoxins types S and T. Infect. Immun. 2008, 76, 4999–5005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Orwin, P.M.; Leung, D.Y.; Donahue, H.L.; Novick, R.P.; Schlievert, P.M. Biochemical and biological properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin K. Infect. Immun. 2001, 69, 360–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Omoe, K.; Hu, D.L.; Ono, H.K.; Shimizu, S.; Takahashi-Omoe, H.; Nakane, A.; Uchiyama, T.; Shinagawa, K.; Imanishi, K. Emetic potentials of newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins. Infect. Immun. 2013, 81, 3627–3631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Langley, R.L.; Ting, Y.Y.; Clow, F.; Young, P.G.; Radcliff, F.J.; Choi, J.M.; Sequeira, R.P.; Holtfreter, S.; Baker, H.; Fraser, J.D. Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) is a unique superantigen with functional features of two major families of staphylococcal virulence factors. Plos Pathog. 2017, 13, e1006549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chao, G.; Bao, G.; Cao, Y.; Yan, W.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, L.; Wu, Y. Prevalence and diversity of enterotoxin genes with genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different origins in China. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2015, 211, 142–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, D.L.; Omoe, K.; Inoue, F.; Kasai, T.; Yasujima, M.; Shinagawa, K.; Nakane, A. Comparative prevalence superantigenic toxin genes in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J. Med. Microbiol. 2008, 57, 1106–1112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McCormick, J.K.; Yarwood, J.M.; Schlievert, P.M. Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: An update. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2001, 55, 77–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proft, T.; Fraser, J.D. Bacterial superantigens. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2003, 133, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baba, T.; Takeuchi, F.; Kuroda, M.; Yuzawa, H.; Aoki, K.; Oguchi, A.; Nagai, Y.; Iwama, N.; Asano, K.; Naimi, T.; et al. Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet 2002, 359, 1819–1827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banaszkiewicz, S.; Calland, J.K.; Mourkas, E.; Sheppard, S.K.; Pascoe, B.; Bania, J. Genetic diversity of composite enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenicity islands. Genome Biol. Evol. 2019, 11, 3498–3509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corbière Morot-Bizot, S.; Leroy, S.; Talon, R. Staphylococcal community of a small unit manufacturing traditional dry fermented sausages. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2006, 108, 210–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yarwood, J.M.; McCormick, J.K.; Paustian, M.L.; Orwin, P.M.; Kapur, V.; Schlievert, P.M. Characterization and expression analysis of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island 3. Implications for the evolution of staphylococcal pathogenicity islands. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 13138–13147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sumby, P.; Waldor, M.K. Transcription of the Toxin Genes Present within the Staphylococcal Phage φSa3ms Is Intimately Linked with the Phage’s Life Cycle. J. Bacteriol. 2003, 185, 6841–6851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Baba, T.; Bae, T.; Schneewind, O.; Takeuchi, F.; Hiramatsu, K. Genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman and comparative analysis of staphylococcal genomes: Polymorphism and evolution of two major pathogenicity islands. J. Bacteriol. 2008, 190, 300–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sato’o, Y.; Omoe, K.; Naito, I.; Ono, H.K.; Nakane, A.; Sugai, M.; Yamagishi, N.; Hu, D.L. Molecular epidemiology and identification of a Staphylococcus aureus clone causing food poisoning outbreaks in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014, 52, 2637–2640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Utter, B.; Deutsch, D.R.; Schuch, R.; Winer, B.Y.; Verratti, K.; Bishop-Lilly, K.; Sozhamannan, S.; Fischetti, V.A. Beyond the chromosome: The prevalence of unique extra-chromosomal bacteriophages with integrated virulence genes in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e100502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, D.L.; Ono, H.K.; Isayama, S.; Okada, R.; Okamura, M.; Le, L.C.; Liu, Z.S.; Zhang, X.C.; Liu, M.Y.; Cui, J.C.; et al. Biological characteristics of staphylococcal enterotoxin Q and its potential risk for food poisoning. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2017, 122, 1672–1679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johler, S.; Giannini, P.; Jermini, M.; Hummerjohann, J.; Baumgartner, A.; Stephan, R. Further Evidence for Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreaks Caused by egc-Encoded Enterotoxins. Toxins 2015, 7, 997–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pinchuk, I.V.; Beswick, E.J.; Reyes, V.E. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins 2010, 2, 2177–2197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, D.L.; Nakane, A. Mechanisms of staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced emesis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014, 722, 95–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagaraj, S.; Ramlal, S.; Kingston, J.; Batra, H.V. Development of IgY based sandwich ELISA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin G (SEG), an egc toxin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2016, 237, 136–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.C.; Wong, A.C. Identification and purification of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin, H. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61, 1438–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, Y.; Zhu, A.; Tang, J.; Tang, C.; Chen, J.; Liu, J. Identification and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SEll) secretion from Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2016, 121, 539–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aguilar, J.L.; Varshney, A.K.; Wang, X.; Stanford, L.; Scharff, M.; Fries, B.C. Detection and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like K (SEl-K) secretion by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014, 52, 2536–2543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhao, Y.; Zhu, A.; Tang, J.; Tang, C.; Chen, J. Identification and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin M from Staphylococcus aureus isolate associated with staphylococcal food poisoning. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2017, 65, 27–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chajęcka-Wierzchowska, W.; Zadernowska, A.; Nalepa, B.; Sierpińska, M.; Łaniewska-Trokenheim, Ł. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from ready-to-eat food of animal origin-phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance. Food Microbiol. 2015, 46, 222–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fijałkowski, K.; Peitler, D.; Karakulska, J. Staphylococci isolated from ready-to-eat meat—Identification, antibiotic resistance and toxin gene profile. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 2016, 238, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Iandolo, J.J.; Stewart, G.C. The enterotoxin D plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a second eneterotoxin determination (sej). FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1998, 168, 227–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jarraud, S.; Mougel, C.; Thioulouse, J.; Lina, G.; Meugnier, H.; Forey, F.; Nesme, X.; Etienne, J.; Vandenesch, F. Relationships between Staphylococcus aureus genetic background, virulence factors, agr groups (alleles), and human disease. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70, 631–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holtfreter, S.; Grumann, D.; Schmudde, M.; Nguyen, H.T.T.; Eichler, P.; Strommenger, B.; Kopron, K.; Kolata, J.; Giedrys-Kalemba, S.; Steinmetz, I.; et al. Clonal distribution of superantigen genes in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007, 45, 2669–2680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, D.; Li, X.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, C.; Deng, L.; Liu, L.; Li, C.; Shang, Y.; Zhao, C.; et al. Superantigen gene profiles and presence of exfoliative toxin genes in community—Acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Chinese children. J. Med. Microbiol. 2011, 60, 35–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kuroda, M.; Ohta, T.; Uchiyama, I.; Baba, T.; Yuzawa, H.; Kobayashi, I.; Cui, L.; Oguchi, A.; Aoki, K.; Nagai, Y.; et al. Whole genome sequencing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2001, 357, 1225–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujikawa, H.; Igarashi, H. Rapid latex agglutination test for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A to E that uses high-density latex particles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988, 54, 2345–2348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Species | No. of Isolates | % of SAgs Positive * | Number (%) of Toxin Gene–Positive Isolates | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sea | seb | sec | sed | see | Seg | seh | się | selj | selk | sell | selm | seln | selo | selp | selq | selu | ser | eta | etd | tsst-1 | ||||
S. epidermidis | 21 | 13 (61.9) | 6 (28.6) | 1 (4.8) | 5 (23.8) | 4 (19) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (19) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (33.3) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (19) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (33.3) | ||||||||
S. warneri | 14 | 13 (92.9) | 3 (2.4) | 5 (35.7) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (2.4) | 3 (2.4) | 5 (35.7) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (14.3) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (21.4) | |||||||||
S. carnosus | 9 | 4 (44.4) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | ||||||||||||||||||
S. simulans | 9 | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (55.6) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (8.1) | ||||||||||||||||
S. xylosus | 8 | 8 (100) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (25) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (37.5) | 4 (50) | 3 (37.5) | |||||||||||||||
S. saprophyticus | 6 | 4 (66.7) | 3 (50) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | ||||||||||
S. pasteuri | 5 | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20) | 2 (40) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 2 (40) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | ||||||||||
S. heamolyticus | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | |||||||||||||||
S. petrasii subsp. Petrasii | 4 | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | ||||||||||||||||||
S. lentus | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | |||||||||||||||||
S. piscifermentas | 2 | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | |||||||||||||||||||
S. lugdenensis | 1 | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 85 | 60 (69.7) | 0 | 0 | 12 (14) | 5 (5.8) | 0 | 9 (10.5) | 11 (12.8) | 18 (20.9) | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (7.0) | 1 (1.2) | 8 (9.3) | 4 (4.7) | 10 (11.6) | 23 (26.7) | 12 (14.0) | 17 (19.8) | 6 (7.0) | 5 (5.8) | 27 (31.4) |
Toxin Genes Occurence | Number (%) of Strians | Number of Genes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | tst-1 | 10 | (11.63) | 1 |
2 | etd | 1 | (1.16) | |
3 | sec | 1 | (1.16) | |
4 | sed | 1 | (1.16) | |
5 | sei | 1 | (1.16) | |
6 | selu | 1 | (1.16) | |
7 | edt, selu | 1 | (1.16) | 2 |
8 | seg, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
9 | sei, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
10 | seln, selp | 1 | (1.16) | |
11 | tst-1, eta | 1 | (1.16) | |
12 | tst-1, selk | 1 | (1.16) | |
13 | seh, sec | 4 | (4.65) | |
14 | tst-1, selq | 2 | (2.33) | |
15 | seg, sei, selp | 1 | (1.16) | 3 |
16 | seln, sei, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
17 | seln, selq, selk | 1 | (1.16) | |
18 | selq, sei, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
19 | selq, ser, selu | 1 | (1.16) | |
20 | tst-1, sed, eta, | 1 | (1.16) | |
21 | tst-1, sei, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
22 | tst-1, sell, selq | 1 | (1.16) | |
23 | tst-1, eta, sei | 1 | (1.16) | |
24 | sei, selu, selp | 2 | (2.33) | |
25 | tst-1, selq, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
26 | etd, eta, selu, selp | 1 | (1.16) | 4 |
27 | seg, selq, selj, sei | 1 | (1.16) | |
28 | seh, sec, tst-1, selq | 1 | (1.16) | |
29 | seln, seg, selq, selj | 1 | (1.16) | |
30 | seln, seg, selq, selu | 1 | (1.16) | |
31 | seln, selq, sei, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
32 | selq, ser, selu, selp | 1 | (1.16) | |
33 | tst-1, sed, eta, selk | 1 | (1.16) | |
34 | seh, sec, tst-1, sell, selq | 1 | (1.16) | 5 |
35 | seh, sec, tst-1, sell, ser | 1 | (1.16) | |
36 | selq, sei, ser, selu, selp | 3 | (3.49) | |
37 | seh, sec, tst-1, sell, selo, selq | 2 | (2.33) | 6 |
38 | seh, sec, tst-1, sell, selo, seg, selq | 1 | (1.16) | 7 |
39 | seln, seg, selq, selj, sei, ser, selp | 1 | (1.16) | |
40 | seln, seg, selq, selj, sei, ser, selu | 1 | (1.16) | |
41 | tst-1, sed, etd, eta, selk, sei, sell | 1 | (1.16) | |
42 | sed, etd, selk, selm, selo, seln, selq, sei, ser | 1 | (1.16) | 9 |
43 | Negative for toxin genes | 27 | (31.40) | 0 |
Species | Combination of SAg genes | Number (%) of Isolates |
---|---|---|
S. carnosus (n = 9) | seh, sec | 2 (22.2) |
tst-1 | 1 (11.1) | |
selu | 1 (11.1) | |
none | 5 (55.6) | |
S. epidermidis (n = 21) | sei | 1 (4.8) |
etd | 1 (4.8) | |
sec | 1 (4.8) | |
seh, sec, tst-1, sell, selo, selq | 2 (9.5) | |
seh, sec, tst-1, sell, selq | 1 (4.8) | |
seh, sec, tst-1, sell, ser | 1 (4.8) | |
seh, sec, tst-1, selq | 1 (4.8) | |
seln, seg, selq, selj, sei, ser, selu | 1 (4.8) | |
selq, sei, ser | 1 (4.8) | |
selq, sei, ser, selu, selp | 1 (4.8) | |
tst-1 | 2 (9.5) | |
none | 8 (38.1) | |
S. haemolyticus (n = 4) | seh, sec, tst-1, sell, selo, seg, selq | 1 (25) |
none | 3 (75) | |
S. lentus (n = 2) | sei, selu, selp | 1 (50) |
seln, sei, ser | 1 (50) | |
S. lugdenensis (n = 2) | edt, selu | 1 (50) |
none | 1 (50) | |
S. pasteuri (n = 5) | seln, selq, selk | 1 (20) |
tst-1, sed, etd, eta, selk, sei, sell | 1 (20) | |
selq, sei, ser, selu, selp | 1 (20) | |
none | 2 (40) | |
S. petrasii subsp. petrasii (n = 4) | tst-1 | 1 (25) |
seg, sei, selp | 1 (25) | |
none | 2 (50) | |
S. piscifermrntans (n = 2) | tst-1, eta, sei | 1 (50) |
none | 1 (50) | |
S. saprophyticus (n = 6) | sed, etd, selk, selm, selo, seln, selq, sei, ser | 1 (16.7) |
seln, selp | 1 (16.7) | |
tst-1, sed, eta, selk | 1 (16.7) | |
tst-1, sed, eta | 1 (16.7) | |
none | 2 (33.3) | |
S. simulans (n = 9) | sed | 1 (11.1) |
tst-1 | 1 (11.1) | |
tst-1, sei, ser | 1 (11.1) | |
tst-1, selk | 1 (11.1) | |
tst-1, sell, selq | 1 (11.1) | |
tst-1, selq | 2 (22.2) | |
tst-1, selq, ser | 1 (11.1) | |
none | 1 (11.1) | |
S. warneri (n = 14) | etd, eta, selu, selp | 1 (7.1) |
seg, selq, selj, sei | 1 (7.1) | |
seg, ser | 1 (7.1) | |
seh, sec | 3 (21.4) | |
seln, seg, selq, selj | 1 (7.1) | |
seln, seg, selq, selj, sei, ser, selp | 1 (7.1) | |
seln, seg, selq, selu | 1 (7.1) | |
selq, sei, ser, selu, selp | 1 (7.1) | |
tst-1 | 2 (14.3) | |
tst-1, eta | 1 (7.1) | |
none | 1 (7.1) | |
S. xylosus (n = 8) | sei, selu, selp | 3 (37.5) |
sei, ser | 1 (12.5) | |
seln, selq, sei, ser | 1 (12.5) | |
selq, ser, selu | 1 (12.5) | |
selq, ser, selu, selp | 1 (12.5) | |
tst-1 | 1 (12.5) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chajęcka-Wierzchowska, W.; Gajewska, J.; Wiśniewski, P.; Zadernowska, A. Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food. Pathogens 2020, 9, 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090734
Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Gajewska J, Wiśniewski P, Zadernowska A. Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food. Pathogens. 2020; 9(9):734. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090734
Chicago/Turabian StyleChajęcka-Wierzchowska, Wioleta, Joanna Gajewska, Patryk Wiśniewski, and Anna Zadernowska. 2020. "Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food" Pathogens 9, no. 9: 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090734