Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Description
2.2. Extraction and Quantification of QACs
2.3. Isolation of QAC-Resistant Bacteria
2.4. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
2.5. Strains Identification and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of QACs Determination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. QACs and Heavy Metal Distribution in Soils
3.2. Proportion of QAC-Resistant Bacteria from Soil
3.3. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Isolates
3.4. Strains Identification and MIC Determination
3.5. QAC-Resistant Bacteria in Soil
3.6. QAC-Resistant Bacteria in Produced Water
3.7. Phylogenetic Analysis on All the Resistant Bacteria
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolates | Accession Number | Species of Closest GenBank Match | MIC (mg/L) | Similarity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NB-1 | ON680914 | Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria) strain LQ26 (MG025786) | 2 | 99.86 |
NB-2 | ON680916 | Bacillus indicus strain WJB131 (KU877665) | 2 | 99.51 |
NB-3 | ON680903 | Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria) strain QHP519 (MZ956306) | 2 | 99.45 |
NB-4 | ON680888 | Bacillus aryabhattai strain SX3 (MF431749) (MF431749) | 2 | 99.66 |
S1-1 | ON692704 | Lysinibacillus sp. strain P62-2 (MN199553) | 4 | 99.59 |
S1-2 | ON680889 | Bacillus cereus strain ZLynn1000-12 (KY316446) | 4 | 99.24 |
S1-3 | ON680884 | Bacillus cereus strain yasmun27 (OK632089) | 4 | 99.04 |
S2-1 | ON680907 | Bacillus cereus strain P14 16S (JN700160) | 8 | 99.11 |
S2-2 | ON680894 | Bacillus sp. JN29 (KC121050) | 8 | 99.38 |
S3-3 | ON692756 | Bacillus cereus strain Y3 (GQ462534) | 8 | 99.66 |
S4-1 | ON680869 | Bacillus licheniformis strain SR5-11 (MN421512) | 4 | 99.17 |
S5-1 | ON692755 | Bacillus cereus strain CZ (JX544747) | 8 | 99.1 |
S6-1 | ON680913 | Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus strain C5 (KX832684) | 4 | 99.17 |
S6-3 | ON692705 | Exiguobacterium acetylicum strain Lmb014 (KT986087) | 4 | 99.31 |
S7-1 | ON680915 | Lelliottia amnigena strain Lmb013 (KT986086) | 64 | 98.61 |
S9-1 | ON680883 | Bacillus cereus strain LLCG23 (GU568201) | 32 | 99.38 |
S10-1 | ON692757 | Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SB5531 (MK040621) | 8 | 98.89 |
S10-2 | ON680886 | Bacillus cereus strain 265XY1 (KF818648) | 4 | 99.31 |
S11-3 | ON692762 | Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain CLf_LPR2 (MH788986) | 4 | 99.86 |
S13-1 | ON692764 | Bacillus thuringiensis strain EGI107 (MN704423) | 8 | 99.72 |
S14-2 | ON680898 | Klebsiella variicola strain R3J3HD7 (MK855126) | 16 | 99.31 |
S15-2 | ON692763 | Bacillus thuringiensis strain C18 (KX832697) | 8 | 99.34 |
S16-1 | ON692739 | Lysinibacillus sp. strain WUST-Cr1 (KX096881) | 4 | 99.45 |
S17-1 | ON692767 | Bacillus cereus strain ZF11 (KX784916) | 8 | 99.24 |
S20-2 | ON692738 | Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain BH45 (KY910256) | 4 | 99.11 |
S21-1 | ON692766 | Bacillus sp. PSM 10 (JF738149) | 8 | 99.72 |
S23-1 | ON680946 | Bacillus cereus strain BXC13 (MN227491) | 8 | 99.11 |
S23-3 | ON692768 | Bacillus marisflavi strain LJ57 (MG049773) | 4 | 98.77 |
S24-1 | ON692770 | Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain DZQ17-H (HQ143586) | 4 | 98.56 |
S24-2 | ON692769 | Lysinibacillus sp. strain JSM ZJ1091 (MW627424) | 4 | 98.23 |
S24-3 | ON680905 | Bacillus cereus strain G5-1-1 (MN595060) | 8 | 99.48 |
S25-1 | ON692774 | Klebsiella pneumoniae strain BHX (MZ389307) | 8 | 98.41 |
S25-2 | ON692772 | Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria) strain NBS2 (MK757929) | 4 | 99.52 |
PW1-1 | ON692694 | Exiguobacterium aestuarii strain UD1 (MW192903) | 8 | 99.38 |
PW3-2 | ON692744 | Serratia sp. strain D15 (MZ342895) | 64 | 98.69 |
PW4-1 | ON680868 | Brucella melitensis strain AUH2 (EF187230) | 16 | 97.89 |
PW5-2 | ON680909 | Pseudomonas balearica strain RMR34 (KT731542) | 8 | 98.82 |
PW5-3 | ON692743 | Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SB5531 (MK040621) | 4 | 98.54 |
PW7-2 | ON680887 | Achromobacter sp. strain RABA7 (MN022536) | 32 | 99.3 |
PW9-2 | ON692753 | Enterobacter ludwigii strain KPS 4-2 (JQ308602) | 64 | 99.51 |
PW10-1 | ON692692 | Exiguobacterium sp. strain C10-9 (MG757525) | 4 | 98.9 |
PW10-3 | ON692751 | Klebsiella sp. H-207 (JX455816) | 4 | 98.96 |
PW10-4 | ON680930 | Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SB5531 (MK040621) | 16 | 97.47 |
PW11-1 | ON680870 | Acinetobacter sp. strain B461.15 (OM282819) | 16 | 98.68 |
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Guo, Z.; Qin, C.; Zhang, L. Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081742
Guo Z, Qin C, Zhang L. Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(8):1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081742
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Ziyi, Cunli Qin, and Lilan Zhang. 2024. "Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China" Microorganisms 12, no. 8: 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081742