The Effect of Coconut Oil Addition to Feed of Pigs on Rectal Microbial Diversity and Bacterial Abundance
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Diet and Animal Feeding
2.2. Nutritional Parameter Determination of Feed Rations
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Bacterial DNA Extraction
2.5. 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing
2.6. DNA Sequencing Data Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pigs Group | Normal | Oil Supplement |
---|---|---|
Composition of feed ration (%) | ||
Commercial feed mixture | 100 | 99.70 |
Commercial coconut oil | - | 0.30 |
Nutritional parameters (%) | ||
Dry matter | 89.30 | 89.10 |
Crude protein | 15.90 | 16.27 |
Lysine | 1.16 | 1.15 |
Crude fat | 3.33 | 4.04 |
Crude fiber | 4.23 | 4.76 |
Nitrogen-free extract | 61.85 | 60.20 |
Starch | 47.20 | 43.90 |
Sugar | 2.98 | 2.40 |
Ash | 3.99 | 3.83 |
MEpigs (MJ.kg−1) | 15.70 | 15.80 |
Proportion of fatty acids (g.100 g−1 Fatty acids) | ||
C8:0 | - | 0.73 |
C10:0 | - | 0.64 |
C12:0 | 0.25 | 5.34 |
C14:0 | 0.67 | 2.49 |
C16:0 | 18.73 | 17.68 |
C16:1 | 1.72 | 1.60 |
C17:0 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
C18:0 | 5.67 | 5.47 |
C18:1cis n9 | 27.81 | 25.80 |
C18:2cis n6 | 38.35 | 34.09 |
C18:3 n3 | 3.34 | 2.94 |
C20:0 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
C20:1 n9 | 0.48 | 0.44 |
C20:2 n6 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
C20:4 n6 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
C22:0 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
Σ unidentified | 2.12 | 2.00 |
PUFA | 42.00 | 37.31 |
MUFA | 30.01 | 27.84 |
SFA | 25.87 | 32.85 |
Σn3/Σn6 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Σn6/Σn3 | 11.57 | 11.69 |
Taxonomic Rank | Relative Abundance (%) | p-Value | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phyllum | Class | Order | Family | Genus | OTU | Normal diet Before treatment | Normal diet After treatment | Oil supp. group Before treatment | Oil supp. group After treatment | In-time change in Normal diet group | In-time change in Oil supp. group | Difference Normal-Oil Before treatment | Difference Normal-Oil After treatment |
Actinobacteria | 0.87 | 2.60 | 1.33 | 1.85 | 0.020 | 0.232 | 0.315 | 0.356 | |||||
Actinobacteria | 0.87 | 2.60 | 1.33 | 1.85 | 0.020 | 0.232 | 0.315 | 0.356 | |||||
Actinomycetales | 0.42 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.098 | 0.193 | 0.842 | 0.006 | |||||
Corynebacteriaceae | 0.41 | 0.77 | 0.51 | 0.20 | 0.098 | 0.160 | 0.780 | 0.006 | |||||
Corynebacterium | 0.41 | 0.77 | 0.51 | 0.20 | 0.098 | 0.160 | 0.780 | 0.006 | |||||
Coriobacteriales | 0.45 | 1.79 | 0.79 | 1.42 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.315 | 0.780 | |||||
Coriobacteriaceae | 0.45 | 1.79 | 0.79 | 1.42 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.315 | 0.780 | |||||
Enterorhabdus | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.53 | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.211 | |||||
OTU053 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.243 | |||||
Olsenella | 0.31 | 1.15 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.203 | 0.695 | 0.842 | 0.211 | |||||
OTU067 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.039 | 0.944 | 0.773 | 0.015 | |||||
Bacteroidetes | 49.53 | 30.31 | 34.96 | 29.49 | 0.008 | 0.492 | 0.013 | 0.905 | |||||
Bacteroidia | 49.46 | 30.28 | 34.96 | 29.48 | 0.008 | 0.492 | 0.013 | 0.905 | |||||
Bacteroidales | 49.46 | 30.28 | 34.96 | 29.48 | 0.008 | 0.492 | 0.013 | 0.905 | |||||
Porphyromonadaceae | 0.42 | 1.13 | 0.49 | 1.10 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 0.905 | 0.905 | |||||
Barnesiella | 0.35 | 0.93 | 0.38 | 0.90 | 0.098 | 0.037 | 0.842 | 0.905 | |||||
OTU022 | 0.29 | 0.85 | 0.29 | 0.60 | 0.098 | 0.049 | 0.720 | 0.604 | |||||
Prevotellaceae | 48.98 | 29.00 | 34.44 | 28.22 | 0.008 | 0.432 | 0.017 | 1.000 | |||||
Alloprevotella | 1.14 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 1.04 | 0.012 | 0.037 | 0.182 | 0.001 | |||||
OTU033 | 1.01 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.012 | 0.131 | 0.030 | 0.133 | |||||
OTU066 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.59 | 0.834 | 0.084 | 0.189 | 0.008 | |||||
Prevotella | 47.80 | 28.77 | 34.05 | 27.12 | 0.008 | 0.322 | 0.017 | 0.842 | |||||
OTU002 | 12.16 | 3.29 | 8.62 | 5.11 | 0.004 | 0.275 | 0.243 | 0.315 | |||||
OTU003 | 7.54 | 6.48 | 5.52 | 6.23 | 0.496 | 0.922 | 0.113 | 0.780 | |||||
OTU004 | 4.25 | 3.74 | 3.38 | 2.47 | 0.910 | 0.432 | 0.243 | 0.278 | |||||
OTU006 | 3.31 | 2.10 | 2.66 | 2.61 | 0.164 | 0.625 | 0.400 | 0.842 | |||||
OTU008 | 3.06 | 0.44 | 2.40 | 0.03 | 0.129 | 0.002 | 0.968 | 0.013 | |||||
OTU009 | 2.29 | 1.15 | 0.78 | 1.24 | 0.652 | 0.432 | 0.004 | 0.905 | |||||
OTU010 | 1.08 | 2.81 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.129 | 0.922 | 0.133 | 0.053 | |||||
OTU012 | 1.73 | 0.64 | 1.32 | 1.18 | 0.027 | 1.000 | 0.278 | 0.028 | |||||
OTU015 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.496 | 0.846 | 0.720 | 0.604 | |||||
OTU016 | 0.88 | 1.19 | 1.13 | 0.34 | 0.426 | 0.557 | 0.968 | 0.065 | |||||
OTU017 | 2.67 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 0.107 | 0.193 | 0.837 | 0.263 | |||||
OTU023 | 0.80 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.820 | 0.906 | 0.487 | 0.243 | |||||
OTU024 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.48 | 0.33 | 0.820 | 0.322 | 0.079 | 0.079 | |||||
OTU026 | 0.77 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.055 | 1.000 | 0.053 | 0.780 | |||||
OTU027 | 1.11 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.008 | 0.049 | 0.053 | 0.967 | |||||
OTU030 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.004 | 0.625 | 0.356 | 0.356 | |||||
OTU031 | 0.31 | 0.72 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.496 | 0.084 | 0.165 | 0.356 | |||||
OTU037 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.81 | 0.353 | 0.037 | 0.539 | 0.006 | |||||
OTU039 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.008 | 0.160 | 0.156 | 0.400 | |||||
OTU041 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.834 | 0.294 | 0.838 | 0.072 | |||||
OTU045 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.201 | 0.813 | 0.007 | 0.256 | |||||
Firmicutes | 48.86 | 64.46 | 62.71 | 66.03 | 0.027 | 0.625 | 0.013 | 0.780 | |||||
Bacilli | 1.61 | 2.55 | 1.22 | 3.17 | 0.098 | 0.064 | 0.661 | 0.780 | |||||
Lactobacillales | 1.61 | 2.55 | 1.22 | 3.17 | 0.098 | 0.064 | 0.661 | 0.780 | |||||
Lactobacillaceae | 1.60 | 2.52 | 1.16 | 3.10 | 0.098 | 0.049 | 0.720 | 0.604 | |||||
Lactobacillus | 1.60 | 2.52 | 1.16 | 3.10 | 0.098 | 0.049 | 0.720 | 0.604 | |||||
OTU013 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 1.58 | 0.734 | 0.027 | 0.968 | 0.035 | |||||
OTU014 | 0.44 | 1.03 | 0.21 | 1.28 | 0.129 | 0.432 | 0.905 | 0.004 | |||||
OTU025 | 0.43 | 0.70 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.129 | 0.105 | 0.720 | 0.010 | |||||
Clostridia | 1.16 | 1.57 | 2.29 | 1.94 | 0.570 | 0.846 | 0.497 | 0.497 | |||||
Clostridiales | 1.16 | 1.57 | 2.29 | 1.94 | 0.570 | 0.846 | 0.497 | 0.497 | |||||
Lachnospiraceae | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.88 | 0.51 | 0.496 | 0.131 | 0.400 | 0.604 | |||||
Ruminococcaceae | 0.49 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.250 | 0.922 | 0.315 | 0.133 | |||||
Negativicutes | 46.00 | 60.15 | 59.03 | 60.85 | 0.039 | 0.922 | 0.053 | 0.968 | |||||
Selenomonadales | 46.00 | 60.15 | 59.03 | 60.85 | 0.039 | 0.922 | 0.053 | 0.968 | |||||
Acidaminococcaceae | 0.38 | 0.59 | 1.21 | 1.33 | 0.164 | 0.846 | 0.278 | 0.356 | |||||
Phascolarctobacterium | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.86 | 1.20 | 0.496 | 0.695 | 0.356 | 0.113 | |||||
OTU021 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.86 | 1.20 | 0.496 | 0.695 | 0.356 | 0.113 | |||||
Veillonellaceae | 45.62 | 59.56 | 57.83 | 59.51 | 0.039 | 0.922 | 0.053 | 0.968 | |||||
Dialister | 1.85 | 3.34 | 2.62 | 1.99 | 0.203 | 0.432 | 0.780 | 0.243 | |||||
OTU005 | 1.79 | 3.21 | 2.48 | 1.83 | 0.203 | 0.432 | 0.842 | 0.211 | |||||
Megasphaera | 37.27 | 52.80 | 50.08 | 55.24 | 0.027 | 0.375 | 0.182 | 0.780 | |||||
OTU001 | 35.28 | 50.88 | 47.74 | 53.03 | 0.027 | 0.322 | 0.182 | 0.780 | |||||
OTU020 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.098 | 0.492 | 0.842 | 0.156 | |||||
Mitsuokella | 1.78 | 1.93 | 1.26 | 0.62 | 0.820 | 0.004 | 0.095 | 0.028 | |||||
OTU018 | 0.88 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 0.129 | 0.002 | 0.079 | 0.095 | |||||
OTU019 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 0.29 | 0.910 | 0.037 | 0.243 | 0.035 | |||||
OTU029 | 0.18 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.250 | 0.846 | 0.278 | 0.013 | |||||
Propionispira | 1.58 | 0.45 | 1.39 | 0.86 | 0.020 | 0.131 | 1.000 | 0.156 | |||||
OTU007 | 1.57 | 0.45 | 1.38 | 0.85 | 0.020 | 0.131 | 1.000 | 0.156 | |||||
Selenomonas | 2.96 | 0.95 | 2.26 | 0.53 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.315 | 0.243 | |||||
OTU011 | 2.33 | 0.42 | 1.54 | 0.30 | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.243 | 0.447 | |||||
Proteobacteria | 0.60 | 2.21 | 0.82 | 2.42 | 0.004 | 0.275 | 0.447 | 0.211 | |||||
Deltaproteobacteria | 0.14 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.90 | 0.020 | 0.193 | 0.133 | 0.549 | |||||
Bdellovibrionales | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.84 | 0.055 | 0.275 | 0.035 | 0.497 | |||||
Bdellovibrionaceae | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.84 | 0.055 | 0.275 | 0.035 | 0.497 | |||||
Vampirovibrio | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.84 | 0.055 | 0.275 | 0.035 | 0.497 | |||||
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.012 | 0.275 | 0.437 | 0.182 | |||||
Campylobacterales | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.012 | 0.275 | 0.437 | 0.182 | |||||
Campylobacteraceae | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 0.012 | 0.275 | 0.437 | 0.182 | |||||
Campylobacter | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 0.012 | 0.275 | 0.437 | 0.182 | |||||
OTU050 | 0.05 | 0.52 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 0.164 | 0.275 | 0.437 | 1.000 | |||||
Gammaproteobacteria | 0.40 | 0.91 | 0.28 | 1.07 | 0.055 | 0.922 | 0.549 | 0.079 | |||||
Enterobacteriales | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.426 | 1.000 | 0.966 | 0.066 | |||||
Enterobacteriaceae | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.426 | 1.000 | 0.966 | 0.066 | |||||
Escherichia/Shigella | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.036 | 0.726 | 0.131 | 0.537 | |||||
OTU028 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.036 | 0.726 | 0.131 | 0.537 | |||||
Gammaproteobacteria | 0.40 | 0.91 | 0.28 | 1.07 | 0.055 | 0.922 | 0.549 | 0.079 | |||||
Pseudomonadales | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.426 | 0.037 | 0.182 | 0.003 | |||||
Moraxellaceae | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.426 | 0.037 | 0.182 | 0.003 | |||||
Psychrobacter | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.426 | 0.027 | 0.182 | 0.002 | |||||
OTU043 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.426 | 0.027 | 0.182 | 0.002 |
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Rolinec, M.; Medo, J.; Gábor, M.; Miluchová, M.; Bíro, D.; Šimko, M.; Juráček, M.; Hanušovský, O.; Schubertová, Z.; Gálik, B. The Effect of Coconut Oil Addition to Feed of Pigs on Rectal Microbial Diversity and Bacterial Abundance. Animals 2020, 10, 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101764
Rolinec M, Medo J, Gábor M, Miluchová M, Bíro D, Šimko M, Juráček M, Hanušovský O, Schubertová Z, Gálik B. The Effect of Coconut Oil Addition to Feed of Pigs on Rectal Microbial Diversity and Bacterial Abundance. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101764
Chicago/Turabian StyleRolinec, Michal, Juraj Medo, Michal Gábor, Martina Miluchová, Daniel Bíro, Milan Šimko, Miroslav Juráček, Ondrej Hanušovský, Zuzana Schubertová, and Branislav Gálik. 2020. "The Effect of Coconut Oil Addition to Feed of Pigs on Rectal Microbial Diversity and Bacterial Abundance" Animals 10, no. 10: 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101764