Animals

26 pages, 14233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Changes in Catch Composition of Marine Species Across Seawater Temperature Shift Points in Korean Water

by Hyithaek Ceong and Inyeong Kwon

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091212 - 24 Apr 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water temperature and catch frequency on biodiversity and distribution in the waters around Korea. We analyzed spatiotemporal catch data reported by fishermen and evaluated the fluctuations in the dominantly caught species based on the timing [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water temperature and catch frequency on biodiversity and distribution in the waters around Korea. We analyzed spatiotemporal catch data reported by fishermen and evaluated the fluctuations in the dominantly caught species based on the timing of the water temperature changes between 1999 and 2021. This study found an upward trend in the water temperature, and species diversity increased in the East, West, and South Seas after the water temperature changed. Relatively stable species diversity was maintained in the East Sea/Sea of Japan, although variability increased significantly in the West and South Seas. The distribution in the caught species showed that Octopodidae spp. and Ommastrephidae spp. were increasingly caught more consistently alongside Pleuronectidae spp. Moreover, this dominance was maintained even after the change in water temperature and was shown to be relatively less sensitive to water temperature changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Metabolomic Profiling in Healthy Dogs Supplemented with Increasing Levels of Purified Beta-1,3/1,6-glucans

by Pedro Henrique Marchi, Leonardo de Andrade Príncipe, Felipe Sesti Trindade, Luana Dias dos Santos, Gabriela Luiza Fagundes Finardi, Eduarda Lorena Fernandes, Thaila Cristina Putarov, Gabriel Henrique Ribeiro, Luiz Alberto Colnago, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro and Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091211 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Metabolomics has proven to be an effective tool for elucidating mechanisms and assessing the effectiveness of dietary interventions in canine and feline nutrition. In this context, the present study aimed to perform a metabolomic analysis of the serum of dogs supplemented with increasing [...] Read more.

Metabolomics has proven to be an effective tool for elucidating mechanisms and assessing the effectiveness of dietary interventions in canine and feline nutrition. In this context, the present study aimed to perform a metabolomic analysis of the serum of dogs supplemented with increasing levels of beta-1,3/1,6-glucans to generate evidence and gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic responses associated with this supplementation. Eight dogs were evenly assigned to two balanced 4 × 4 Latin squares. Four diets were tested, differing only in beta-glucan content (0.0%, 0.07%, 0.14%, and 0.28%), and the dogs were fed according to their individual maintenance energy requirements. Each experimental period lasted 35 days. On day 35, 5 mL of blood was collected via jugular venipuncture to obtain serum for metabolomic analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis identified 12 key serum metabolites. Hierarchical heat map analysis revealed differences in metabolite intensity between treatments (p < 0.05). Additionally, the most relevant metabolic pathways were phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. This study demonstrated that increasing levels of purified beta-1,3/1,6-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae modulated key metabolic pathways in dogs, particularly those related to amino acid, lipid and energy metabolisms, and gut microbiota. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which beta-glucans influence canine health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metabolomics in Animal Nutrition Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ruminally Protected Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, and Threonine Supplementation of Low-Protein Diets Improved the Performance and Nitrogen Efficiency of Dairy Cows

by Xiaoli Qin, Xueyan Lin, Mark D. Hanigan, Kai Zhao, Zhiyong Hu, Yun Wang, Qiuling Hou and Zhonghua Wang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091210 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and leucine to low-protein diets on lactating dairy cow performance. Sixty Holstein cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 9-week randomized complete block design: positive control (16% crude [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and leucine to low-protein diets on lactating dairy cow performance. Sixty Holstein cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 9-week randomized complete block design: positive control (16% crude protein diet; 16% CP), negative control (12% CP), 12% CP plus the four essential amino acids (12% CP + EAA), and 14% CP supplemented with the four EAA (14% CP + EAA). The milk protein yield was significantly decreased in the 12% CP group compared to the 16% CP group but was restored to comparable levels with EAA supplementation of both the 12% and 14% CP diets. Dietary nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen excretion both increased with higher dietary CP levels. Nitrogen utilization efficiency in milk was significantly improved by EAA supplementation, with the highest efficiency observed in the 12% CP + EAA treatment (39.0% vs. 33.3% in the 16% CP diet). Plasma urea levels increased with elevated dietary CP and EAA supplementation. Moreover, EAA supplementation significantly elevated venous methionine levels and showed a tendency to increase venous leucine levels. Additionally, compared to the negative control, EAA supplementation increased concentrations of glucagon and prolactin (p < 0.05). EAA supplementation of low-protein diets, particularly the 14% CP diet, improved the dietary protein efficiency of lactating cows without a concomitant decrease in milk protein yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

18 pages, 4931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Gene Expression and Splicing QTLs in Porcine Muscle Associated with Meat Quality Traits

by Meng Zhou, Chenjin Ling, Hui Xiao and Zhiyan Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091209 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Understanding the genetic regulation of gene expression and splicing in muscle tissues is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of meat quality traits. In this study, we integrated large-scale whole-genome sequencing and strand-specific RNA-seq data from 582 F2 hybrid pigs (White Duroc × [...] Read more.

Understanding the genetic regulation of gene expression and splicing in muscle tissues is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of meat quality traits. In this study, we integrated large-scale whole-genome sequencing and strand-specific RNA-seq data from 582 F2 hybrid pigs (White Duroc × Erhualian) to characterize the expression and splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/sQTL) in longissimus dorsi muscle. We identified 11,058 cis-eQTL-associated genes (eGenes) and 5139 cis-sQTL-associated genes (sGenes), of which 29% of eGenes and 80% of sGenes were previously unreported in the PigGTEx database. Functional analyses revealed distinct genomic features: eQTLs were enriched near transcription start sites (TSSs) and associated with active TSS-proximal transcribed regions and enhancers, whereas sQTLs clustered at splice junctions, underscoring their distinct roles in gene expression and splicing regulation. Colocalization analysis of e/sQTLs with GWAS signals prioritized PHKG1 as a key candidate gene (PPH4 > 0.9) for glycogen metabolism. Notably, we confirmed that an sQTL-driven alternative splicing event in exon 10 of PHKG1 was significantly correlated with phenotypic variation (R = −0.39, p = 9.5 × 10⁻²¹). Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the genetic regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing in porcine muscle tissue, advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying economically important meat quality traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 867 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals’ Anatomy

by María del Mar Yllera and Matilde Lombardero

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091208 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue follows a previous one entitled “Advances in Animal Anatomy” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 13382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiviral Activity of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Extracts of Mulberry Leaves Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

by Yiwei Sun, Liyan Wang, Keke Ma, Manman Shen, Jiying Liu, Yujuan Zhang and Liumei Sun

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091207 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly infectious alphacoronavirus, has resulted in substantial economic losses within the global swine industry. Existing vaccines and therapeutic agents have proven inadequate in effectively preventing and controlling PEDV. Natural compounds offer distinct advantages in antiviral research due [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly infectious alphacoronavirus, has resulted in substantial economic losses within the global swine industry. Existing vaccines and therapeutic agents have proven inadequate in effectively preventing and controlling PEDV. Natural compounds offer distinct advantages in antiviral research due to their abundant availability, diverse biological activities, and low toxicity. In this study, the antiviral properties of the naturally occurring alkaloid 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) against PEDV were examined. The CC₅₀ of DNJ was determined to be 912.5 μM through experimental analysis on Vero-E6 cells. DNJ demonstrated an inhibitory effect on PEDV activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 57.76 μM. The compound primarily inhibited PEDV proliferation during the viral life cycle stages of attachment and replication. Moreover, DNJ mitigated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation associated with PEDV infection. Computational docking predictions suggest that the viral non-structural proteins include Nsp12, Nsp14, and Nsp16 may serve as potential targets for DNJ. Consequently, DNJ represents a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic agents against PEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Canine Perineal Hernia Associated with Prostatic Disorders: Is Castration Really Beneficial? A Retrospective Study

by Putinee Sangmanee, Attawit Kovitvadhi, Wijit Sutthiprapa, Piyathip Choochalermporn and Chunsumon Limmanont

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091206 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Prostatic disorders are commonly observed in older, intact male dogs and have been a primary etiological factor in the development of PH. Limited literature exists regarding correcting PH with castration in dogs suffering from prostatic disorders, including the management and long-term clinical outcomes. [...] Read more.

Prostatic disorders are commonly observed in older, intact male dogs and have been a primary etiological factor in the development of PH. Limited literature exists regarding correcting PH with castration in dogs suffering from prostatic disorders, including the management and long-term clinical outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to describe the management of prostatic disorders and evaluate outcomes and recurrence following perineal herniorrhaphy with castration. A total of 315 intact male dogs that underwent perineal herniorrhaphy associated with prostatic disorders were classified into two groups: a castrated (PHC; n = 184) and a non-castrated group (PHNC; n = 131). The clinical signs of the PHC group showed significant improvement in the postoperative, short- and long-term follow-up phases (p < 0.001). The enlargement of the prostate gland, heterogeneous parenchyma, and intraparenchymal cystic lesions were observed to be less prevalent in the PHC compared to the other group (p < 0.001). The incidence of recurrent PH showed no significant differences (p = 0.5). In conclusion, castration combined with perineal herniorrhaphy offers significant advantages for improving outcomes and minimizing the recurrence of PH associated with prostatic pathologies following surgery. This is particularly relevant when managing prostatic cysts, including FNA for drainage, cyst or abscess resection, or partial prostatectomy with omentalization during surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Breakthroughs in Animal Reproductive Endocrinology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 23442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-SDD: An Effective Single-Class Detection Method for Dense Livestock Production

by Yubin Guo, Zhipeng Wu, Baihao You, Lanqi Chen, Jiangsan Zhao and Ximing Li

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091205 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Single-class object detection, which focuses on identifying, counting, and tracking a specific animal species, plays a vital role in optimizing farm operations. However, dense occlusion among individuals in group activity scenarios remains a major challenge. To address this, we propose YOLO-SDD, a dense [...] Read more.

Single-class object detection, which focuses on identifying, counting, and tracking a specific animal species, plays a vital role in optimizing farm operations. However, dense occlusion among individuals in group activity scenarios remains a major challenge. To address this, we propose YOLO-SDD, a dense detection network designed for single-class densely populated scenarios. First, we introduce a Wavelet-Enhanced Convolution (WEConv) to improve feature extraction under dense occlusion. Following this, we propose an occlusion perception attention mechanism (OPAM), which further enhances the model’s ability to recognize occluded targets by simultaneously leveraging low-level detailed features and high-level semantic features, helping the model better handle occlusion scenarios. Lastly, a Lightweight Shared Head (LS Head) is incorporated and specifically optimized for single-class dense detection tasks, enhancing efficiency while maintaining high detection accuracy. Experimental results on the ChickenFlow dataset, which we developed specifically for broiler detection, show that the n, s, and m variants of YOLO-SDD achieve AP_50:95 improvements of 2.18%, 2.13%, and 1.62% over YOLOv8n, YOLOv8s, and YOLOv8m, respectively. In addition, our model surpasses the detection performance of the latest real-time detector, YOLOv11. YOLO-SDD also achieves state-of-the-art performance on the publicly available GooseDetect and SheepCounter datasets, confirming its superior detection capability in crowded livestock settings. YOLO-SDD’s high efficiency enables automated livestock tracking and counting in dense conditions, providing a robust solution for precision livestock farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Range Use in Free-Range Laying Hen Systems: The Impact of Vegetation Cover over Time

by Markus Pacher-Deutsch, Philipp Meyer, Harald Meimberg and Martin Gierus

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091204 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Outdoor ranges in free-range laying hen systems are often underutilised, likely due to their open, uncovered nature. Given that the domestic chicken’s ancestor inhabits forests with high canopy cover, similar habitat preferences can be expected. To assess the impact of vegetation cover, range [...] Read more.

Outdoor ranges in free-range laying hen systems are often underutilised, likely due to their open, uncovered nature. Given that the domestic chicken’s ancestor inhabits forests with high canopy cover, similar habitat preferences can be expected. To assess the impact of vegetation cover, range use was recorded on two outdoor ranges before and one and two years after planting bushes. A barrier tape grid was placed on each outdoor range, images were taken every 10 min over three days and hens per quadrant were counted. Data were analysed using general additive models. On both outdoor ranges, the number of hens increased in quadrants with newly planted bushes. While hen numbers declined with increasing distance from the shed in all three years, this effect diminished in the two years after planting. Furthermore, hens on both outdoor ranges in all three years showed diurnal patterns in range use, resembling the natural behaviour of their ancestor. The findings support the hypothesis that vegetation cover plays a crucial role in promoting more even range use, including in parts further away from the shed. To encourage natural behaviour and mitigate the negative effects of poor range utilisation, outdoor ranges should incorporate evenly distributed vegetation cover. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Behaviour and Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Oxidative Stress and Associated Biomarkers in Wild Avian Species

by Siniša Faraguna, Suzana Milinković Tur, Sandra Sobočanec, Marija Pinterić and Maja Belić

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091203 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural by-products of cellular metabolism and are also formed in response to environmental stressors such as pollution, extreme temperatures, and ultraviolet radiation exposure. Physiological factors such as intense activity, growth, reproduction, nutrient deficiency, captivity, and disease also contribute [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural by-products of cellular metabolism and are also formed in response to environmental stressors such as pollution, extreme temperatures, and ultraviolet radiation exposure. Physiological factors such as intense activity, growth, reproduction, nutrient deficiency, captivity, and disease also contribute to ROS production. While ROS, including free radicals, play a key role in cell physiology, including immune defense, their excessive accumulation can damage cellular components and cause oxidative stress when antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed. To regulate ROS levels, wild birds rely on enzymatic (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E, carotenoids). Oxidative stress affects important aspects of wild bird biology, including health, reproduction, and survival, and is closely linked to overall fitness. It is also linked to physiological challenges such as migration and the progression of various diseases affecting wild bird populations. The study of oxidative stress in wild birds requires the use of appropriate biomarkers to assess its role in disease development. A deeper understanding of the balance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses is essential to determine how wild birds cope with environmental and physiological challenges. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in wild birds and the role of antioxidants in maintaining health and promoting longevity in wild bird populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Structure of the Cave-Dwelling Catfish Pterocryptis anomala (Siluriformes: Siluridae) in Southwest China

by Renrong Huang, Jinmei Chen, Hongmei Li, Huan Cheng and Renyi Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091202 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

The mountainous regions of Southwest China are biodiversity hotspots where geographical isolation promotes genetic differentiation and species diversification. For cave-dwelling species like the Pterocryptis anomala, how geographical isolation, historical climate, and riverscapes have influenced their evolution remains largely unexplored. Based on 255 [...] Read more.

The mountainous regions of Southwest China are biodiversity hotspots where geographical isolation promotes genetic differentiation and species diversification. For cave-dwelling species like the Pterocryptis anomala, how geographical isolation, historical climate, and riverscapes have influenced their evolution remains largely unexplored. Based on 255 samples from the Pearl River and the Yangtze River, this study integrated two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes to analyze the genetic diversity and structure of the P. anomala population. Phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial DNA revealed two distinct clades of P. anomala, while nuclear DNA loci showed no clear separation. Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA) confirmed two groups: Clade I (the Yangtze, the Guijiang, and the Duliujiang Rivers) and Clade II (the Nanpanjiang, Hongshui, Dahuanjiang, Youjiang, and Rongjiang Rivers). The divergence time between the two clades was estimated at 13.73 million years ago, which was potentially linked to the impact of the QTP uplift on monsoonal systems. The star-like network analysis and neutrality test results indicated that the population of Clade I has maintained a stable state over a long period, while the population of Clade II showed a trend of expansion. Additionally, geographical features such as the Nanling Mountains and the two major river systems may have obstructed gene flow, leading to genetic differentiation. These findings improved our understanding of this species’ evolutionary history and population structure, offering valuable insights for conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Calving Cow Posture Recognition, Behavioral Changes, and Influencing Factors Based on Machine Vision

by Yuning An, Yifeng Song, Hehao Jiang, Yuan Wang, Na Liu, Xia Li, Zhalaga Zhang and Xiaoping An

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091201 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a non-contact, single-target method for real-time monitoring of dairy cow calving posture and behavior using the YOLOv8 model. In total, 600 videos were collected, from which 10,544 image samples were extracted through frame-by-frame processing. Complete video recordings of 86 cows [...] Read more.

This study introduces a non-contact, single-target method for real-time monitoring of dairy cow calving posture and behavior using the YOLOv8 model. In total, 600 videos were collected, from which 10,544 image samples were extracted through frame-by-frame processing. Complete video recordings of 86 cows (30 primiparous and 56 multiparous) were utilized to investigate changes in calving behavior. The YOLOv8 model achieved excellent performance with precision (P), recall (R), and mean average precision (mAP) of 96.72%, 96.53%, and 97.41%, respectively, and recognition P of 89.19% for lying postures and 82.61% for standing postures. Behavioral analysis revealed that lying postures were more frequent than standing, and primiparous cows had more frequent posture transitions (9.07 changes) than multiparous cows (5.29 changes), particularly during early parturition. Primiparous cows also showed significantly higher average times for parturition and lying as well ashigher frequency of behavioral changes compared to multiparous cows. Additionally, calf birth weight was positively correlated with maternal behaviors, especially in primiparous cows. Our proposed model effectively and accurately recognizes calving postures in dairy cows, enabling the early detection of abnormal calving events. This provides a scientific basis and technical support for intelligent farm management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a New Commercial Vaccine Against Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens Type A for Recurrent Swine Neonatal Diarrhea Under Field Conditions

by Ainhoa Puig Ambrós, Gabriel Peixoto Faria, Massimiliano Baratelli, Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva, Oriol Boix-Mas and Xavier Gibert

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091200 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Neonatal diarrhea causes significant economic losses in swine production by reducing average daily weight gain (ADWG) and increasing piglet mortality, with Clostridioides difficile (CD) and Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) being the most common causes. The aim of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

Neonatal diarrhea causes significant economic losses in swine production by reducing average daily weight gain (ADWG) and increasing piglet mortality, with Clostridioides difficile (CD) and Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) being the most common causes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new commercial vaccine against these agents to minimize diarrhea, pre-weaning mortality, and its negative consequences on weight performance in suckling piglets under field conditions. The study consisted of two randomized, double-blind, negative-controlled field trials (Study A and B) focusing on clinically healthy pregnant sows from commercial pig farms experiencing recurrent neonatal diarrhea. In the meta-analysis of both farms, the control group showed lower performance compared to the vaccine group (least squares means differences) for ADWG (−14.5 g/day, p < 0.001), body weight (−0.33 kg, p < 0.001), and underweight piglets at weaning (6.94%, p = 0.011). The number of piglets with diarrhea (9.76%, p < 0.001) and the percentage of piglets treated with antibiotics for diarrhea (6.09%, p = 0.016) were lower in vaccinated animals compared to controls. No significant differences in pre-weaning mortality were observed. The results of this study suggest that the new commercial vaccine against CD and CPA reduces the incidence of neonatal diarrhea and the associated use of antibiotics, while positively impacts the growth performance of suckling piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 4673 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Idiopathic Intestinal Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia in a French Bulldog: Clinical, Imaging, Capsule Endoscopy, and Histopathological Findings

by Hyomi Jang, Sang-Woo Kim, Joon Woo Lee, Munso Kim and Dong-In Jung

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091199 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

A 3-year-old intact female French Bulldog presented with chronic diarrhea, intermittent vomiting, hyporexia, and weight loss over seven weeks. The blood test results were unremarkable, except for mild hypocholesterolemia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed intestinal wall thickening, particularly in the muscular layer, with focal loss [...] Read more.

A 3-year-old intact female French Bulldog presented with chronic diarrhea, intermittent vomiting, hyporexia, and weight loss over seven weeks. The blood test results were unremarkable, except for mild hypocholesterolemia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed intestinal wall thickening, particularly in the muscular layer, with focal loss of wall layering in the distal ileum near the ileocecal junction. Capsule endoscopy revealed mild-to-moderate mucosal irregularities and changes in the ileum, with a reduced luminal diameter caused by irregularly protruding walls, leading to the partial obstruction of the distal ileum. To remove the obstructed segment, surgical resection and anastomosis were performed from the distal ileum to the ileocecal junction, including the ileocolic valve region. Histopathological examination confirmed intestinal smooth muscle hyperplasia with mild infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. As the underlying cause could not be identified, the condition was classified as an idiopathic condition. Postoperatively, long-term management of the clinical symptoms was implemented, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and dietary modifications (the elimination of table foods). Over a one-year follow-up period, ultrasonography revealed mild recurrent inflammation and muscular hyperplasia; however, the clinical signs resolved, except for occasional episodes of diarrhea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into the Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Hungary

by Ákos Jerzsele, Dóra Kovács, Péter Fábián, Péter Fehérvári, Bettina Paszerbovics, Krisztina Bali, Eszter Kaszab, Nóra Mayer and Zita Karancsi

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091198 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Heartworm disease—caused by Dirofilaria immitis—is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic disease with potentially fatal outcomes in dogs. Due to factors such as climate change, animal importation, and animal transport, the prevalence of the infection has increased in countries in Central and Eastern Europe, [...] Read more.

Heartworm disease—caused by Dirofilaria immitis—is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic disease with potentially fatal outcomes in dogs. Due to factors such as climate change, animal importation, and animal transport, the prevalence of the infection has increased in countries in Central and Eastern Europe, where the parasite was not detected before. The first autochthonous case of D. immitis in dogs in Hungary was reported in 2009. This study assessed the prevalence of D. immitis infection and the associated risk factors in domestic dogs in Hungary. A total of 1071 blood samples were collected between March 2023 and February 2024 and were tested using Knott’s test, ELISA, and real-time PCR method. The countrywide prevalence of D. immitis was 17.0%, suggesting a continuous increase in the parasite’s spread compared to the previously reported 11.3% prevalence, with age and spending time outdoors being the main risk factors. These results highlight the ongoing need for preventive measures against heartworm disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dirofilariosis and Angiostrongylosis in Animals and Humans: A Global Challenge)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessReview

Testing the Level of Cortisol in Dogs

by Kamila Kaszycka, Małgorzata Goleman and Wanda Krupa

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091197 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper focuses on cortisol levels in different dog matrices, emphasising the importance of non-invasive sampling for animal welfare and research ethics. The study reviewed over 18,000 articles from various databases, identifying 78 relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on cortisol levels in different dog matrices, emphasising the importance of non-invasive sampling for animal welfare and research ethics. The study reviewed over 18,000 articles from various databases, identifying 78 relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal a growing trend for non-invasive matrices like saliva, hair, and urine, reliably reflecting acute and chronic stress responses while minimising animal stress during sampling. Other sample types, such as blood, are becoming less and less used due to their stress-inducing factors. Such an approach aligns with the growing concerns regarding animals’ welfare during research design. Each sample type contributes a unique perspective, and the matrix choice depends on the research objectives. Rather than one being universally superior or more reliable, they offer complementary data that enhance our understanding of the animal’s stress profile. Cortisol concentrations may be influenced by many factors, from environmental ones, such as living conditions, to genetic and social ones. This analysis focuses on the challenges often met during cortisol concentrations research, such as small sample sizes and lack of official assessment protocols. In the future, researchers should focus on an interdisciplinary approach by incorporating behavioural measures, other physiological indicators, and refining non-invasive methods. Those practices would enhance the understanding of canine welfare evaluation and promote a more ethical approach in clinical and practical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Perception Toward Wolves Are Driven by Economic Status and Religion Across Their Distribution Range

by Dipanjan Naha, Stefanie Döringer and Marco Heurich

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091196 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Effective conservation of large mammals depends on how people perceive them. Grey wolves have a widespread distribution globally, and their recent recolonization of human-dominated landscapes offers an excellent opportunity to understand the heterogeneity in their perception across continents. Our analysis included all quantitative [...] Read more.

Effective conservation of large mammals depends on how people perceive them. Grey wolves have a widespread distribution globally, and their recent recolonization of human-dominated landscapes offers an excellent opportunity to understand the heterogeneity in their perception across continents. Our analysis included all quantitative studies (118 articles) conducted in 35 countries through a systematic review process, published globally between 1980–2023 and indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar. Fifty-four percent of the studies reported a negative perception toward wolves. Most studies conducted in Asia reported a negative perception, while 56% of studies conducted in Europe and 48% in North America reported a positive perception. Fifty-four percent of studies from Western Europe and forty percent of studies from Slavic Russian cultural regions reported positive perceptions. Respondents from low-income countries elicited the most negative perceptions. We identified the predominant religion and economic status of a country as dominant factors determining perception. Studies conducted in countries with Hinduism as the predominant religion reported a negative perception toward wolves. We recommend that future studies on human–wolf interactions must prioritize regions within central Europe, parts of Asia, and Russia. A global human–wolf coexistence strategy should consider the social factors driving attitude toward the species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Wheat with Enhanced Carotenoid Levels and Various Fat Sources in Hen Diets

by Michaela Englmaierová, Jan Szmek, Miloš Skřivan, Pavel Horčička, Tomáš Taubner and Věra Skřivanová

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091195 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the effects of two wheat varieties with different carotenoid concentrations (Pexeso and Tercie) and two fat sources with contrasting fatty acid profiles (rapeseed oil and lard) on hen performance, egg quality, and egg yolk retention of carotenoids. The [...] Read more.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of two wheat varieties with different carotenoid concentrations (Pexeso and Tercie) and two fat sources with contrasting fatty acid profiles (rapeseed oil and lard) on hen performance, egg quality, and egg yolk retention of carotenoids. The feed conversion ratio of hens that received Tercie wheat and lard in their diet were greater than those of hens that received other diets (p = 0.002). Greater (p ˂ 0.001) eggshell thickness and strength occurred when hens were fed a Pexeso wheat diet. Moreover, Pexeso wheat and lard increased lutein (p ˂ 0.001 and p = 0.001) and zeaxanthin (p ˂ 0.001 and p = 0.001) contents in egg yolks. The highest lutein retention (p = 0.010) occurred in the groups that received Pexeso wheat (46.4 and 47.4%), and the highest zeaxanthin retention (p = 0.011) occurred with a Pexeso wheat and lard diet (59.5%). The lowest lutein and zeaxanthin retention occurred in hens fed a Tercie wheat and rapeseed oil diet (23.6% for lutein retention and 24.1% for zeaxanthin retention). The Pexeso wheat and rapeseed oil diet increased the concentrations of α- and γ-tocopherol (p ˂ 0.001 and p ˂ 0.001) in egg yolks, which influenced the oxidative stability of the eggs. Compared with other diets, a Tercie wheat and rapeseed oil diet led to the lowest oxidative stability in fresh eggs (p = 0.041). In conclusion, Pexeso wheat had greater retention of biologically active substances and higher mineral contents than Tercie wheat, which was reflected in the performance of hens and the quality of eggs. The combination of Pexeso wheat with rapeseed oil, which is rich in tocopherols and polyunsaturated fatty acids and has a favorable n-6/n-3 ratio, increased the tocopherol content and the oxidative stability of egg yolk fats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

11 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SID Trp–Lys Ratio on Pig Performance and Immune Response After LPS Challenge

by Stephane Alverina Briguente Da Motta, Nathana Rudio Furlani, Antonio Carlos Lourenço, Sergio Xavier Silva Junior, Juliana Cristina Ramos Rezende and Melissa Izabel Hannas

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091194 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan-to-lysine (SID Trp–Lys) ratio through the supplementation of different levels of L-tryptophan on pig performance and immune response following an LPS challenge. A total of 120 entire male pigs, with an [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan-to-lysine (SID Trp–Lys) ratio through the supplementation of different levels of L-tryptophan on pig performance and immune response following an LPS challenge. A total of 120 entire male pigs, with an average body weight of 16.5 ± 0.50 kg, were allocated in a randomized block design with four treatments, ten replicates per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit. The experimental treatments consisted of SID Trp–Lys ratios of 16%, 18%, 21%, and 24%, achieved through L-tryptophan supplementation. The evaluated performance parameters included the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Blood samples were collected on day 21 to determine serum serotonin levels, and on day 26, pigs were inoculated with LPS to induce an immune challenge, followed by blood sampling to assess cytokine responses. The results showed that pigs fed the 16% SID Trp–Lys ratio exhibited a lower FBW (p < 0.05). The SID Trp–Lys ratios influenced performance parameters, with quadratic responses (p < 0.05) observed for the FBW and FCR, where the highest FBW and lowest FCR were recorded at 22.05% and 21% SID Trp–Lys, respectively. A linear increase (p < 0.05) was observed for ADG, with a trend for a linear increase (p = 0.056) in ADFI. No effects (p > 0.10) of the SID Trp–Lys ratios were detected on serum serotonin levels. An increase in cytokine levels (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α) was observed in pigs challenged with LPS (p < 0.10) compared to non-challenged animals. An interaction effect (p < 0.10) was detected for IL-2 and IL-18. SID Trp–Lys ratios between 21% and 24% optimize growth performance in pigs from 16 to 33 kg and modulate the immune response under LPS-induced challenge conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Advancing Metabolic, Reproductive and Immune Health in Animals)

Journal Description

Animals

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI