Animals

11 pages, 419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneity of Variances in Milk Yield in Murrah Buffaloes

by Raimundo Nonato Colares Camargo Júnior, Cláudio Vieira de Araújo, José Ribamar Felipe Marques, Marina de Nadai Bonin Gomes, Welligton Conceição da Silva, Tatiane Silva Belo, Carlos Eduardo Lima Sousa, Éder Bruno Rebelo da Silva, Larissa Coelho Marques, Mauro Marinho da Silva, Marcio Luiz Repolho Picanço, José de Brito Lourenço-Júnior, Alison Miranda Santos, Albiane Sousa de Oliveira, Jaqueline Rodrigues Ferreira Cara and André Guimaraes Maciel e Silva

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182686 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the presence of heterogeneity of variance in milk yield in the first lactation of buffaloes and its subsequent influence on the genetic evaluation of Murrah breed sires. The analysis utilized a dataset comprising 2392 milk [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the presence of heterogeneity of variance in milk yield in the first lactation of buffaloes and its subsequent influence on the genetic evaluation of Murrah breed sires. The analysis utilized a dataset comprising 2392 milk yield records of buffaloes involved in the Programa de Melhoramento de Búfalos do Brasil. The standard deviation classes were established by standardizing the averages of contemporary group levels, with positive values constituting the high standard deviation class and values equaling or less than zero comprising the low standard deviation class. The linear mixed model incorporated fixed effects of sire group, buffalo age at calving, and heterozygosity as covariates, along with additive genetic random effects. Variance components were estimated via Bayesian inference employing the Gibbs sampler to derive posterior means. The average posterior heritability obtained in analyses without considering heterogeneity of variances (i.e., the “general analysis”) was 0.21, while the averages 0.19 and 0.34 were obtained for the low and high standard deviation classes, respectively. The genetic correlation between standard deviation classes was 0.61. The genetic correlation estimates between the predictions of breeding values for milk yield were more closely aligned between the predictions obtained in the general analysis with the low standard deviation class, and more discrepant between the two standard deviation classes. In the animal genetic evaluation model, when heterogeneity of variance is disregarded, the variance components are substantially weighted towards the performance of individuals in the low phenotypic variability class. By disregarding the presence and heterogeneity of variance, the breeding values of the best sires were underestimated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis of Important Traits in Domestic Animals)

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13 pages, 594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Lecithin Supplementation in Sows Regulates the Hepatic Glycolipid Metabolism of Offspring

by Xudong Yang, Haoyang Wang, Juan Xiong, Chunyan Xie, Hongjun Yang and Liuan Li

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182685 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Maternal nutrition during gestation and lactation influences offspring development and metabolic health. Lecithin, a crucial phospholipid commonly used in animal diets to improve lipid absorption and energy metabolism, is a viable approach to optimize this synergy and improve neonatal resilience. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Maternal nutrition during gestation and lactation influences offspring development and metabolic health. Lecithin, a crucial phospholipid commonly used in animal diets to improve lipid absorption and energy metabolism, is a viable approach to optimize this synergy and improve neonatal resilience. This study aimed to investigate the regulation mechanism of maternal lecithin supplementation during late gestation and lactation on the growth performance and hepatic glycolipid metabolism of offspring. Twenty-four multiparous sows were randomly allocated to receive either a control (CON) diet or a lecithin-supplemented diet (2 kg/t lecithin) on day 95 of gestation until weaning (day 21 postpartum). Blood samples were collected from sows during late gestation and on day 21 of lactation, as well as from umbilical cords and weaned piglets at 21 days. Results showed that suckling piglets from lecithin group had faster growth rate, especially during 1–7 d of suckling period. Lecithin supplement reduced the serum cholesterol of pregnant sows, while not affected it in serum of umbilical cord. In contrast, both the serum cholesterol and glucose level presented upward trend in lactating sows in the lecithin group. Accordingly, maternal lecithin supplement increased the serum glucose level, as well as the levels of hepatic lipid and glucose levels, accompanied by decreasing the hepatic levels of certain long-chain fatty acids of 21-day-old piglets compared with the CON group. Furthermore, maternal lecithin supplement activated hepatic glycolipid metabolism via regulating the mRNA level of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis in 21-day-old piglets. In short, this study demonstrated that maternal lecithin supplementation improved hepatic energy homeostasis in offspring by activating gluconeogenesis and optimizing lipid storage, thereby enhancing neonatal growth performance and metabolic resilience for weaning challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Nutrition and Neonatal Development of Pigs)

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15 pages, 4097 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Diagnostic Value of Computed Tomography Lung and Bone Window Settings for the Detection of Nasal Foreign Bodies in 47 Dogs Presented to Two UK Referral Hospitals (2015–2023)

by Nicoletta Fantaconi, Andrew T. Parry, Jose Labrador, Luis Alejandro Pérez López and Petra Agthe

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182684 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Confident diagnosis of nasal foreign bodies (FBs) with computed tomography (CT) is challenging. Plant material FBs may be inconspicuous depending on size and attenuation and may be obscured by secondary nasal changes such as accumulation of mucous. The authors anecdotally observed that the [...] Read more.

Confident diagnosis of nasal foreign bodies (FBs) with computed tomography (CT) is challenging. Plant material FBs may be inconspicuous depending on size and attenuation and may be obscured by secondary nasal changes such as accumulation of mucous. The authors anecdotally observed that the lung window (LW) might improve visualization of some nasal FBs. The aim of this retrospective, multicentre study was to assess the diagnostic utility and interobserver variability of the LW in the diagnosis of nasal FBs. We hypothesized that use of the LW improves detection rate of nasal FBs compared to the bone window (BW), and that interobserver agreement is strong. Computed tomography examinations of 47 dogs with an endoscopically confirmed nasal foreign body (FB) were included, and each study was reviewed independently by two board certified radiologists, resulting in a total of 94 assessments. Pre-contrast CT series were reviewed in the BW and LW. The reviewers were blinded to the final diagnosis and were asked to evaluate the CT studies for presence or absence of a convincing nasal FB. Reviewers confidently detected a nasal FB on 19/94 (20%) assessments in the BW and 20/94 (21%) in the LW, the majority of the FBs were elongated in shape (30%) and were visible in the rostral and mid-portion of the nasal cavity. The interobserver agreement was moderate in the BW (k < 0.53) and in the LW (k < 0.49). Our findings do not support our main hypothesis that the use of the LW significantly increases diagnostic accuracy for the identification of nasal FBs in dogs. However, as the LW enabled correct diagnosis in one assessment, it may occasionally be helpful if no FB is visualized on initial examination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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13 pages, 1259 KB

Open AccessArticle

When the Evidence Points to the Non-Invasive Nature of an Allegedly Invasive Alien Species: The Case of the Aoudad in Mainland Spain

by Jorge Cassinello, Elena Albanell, Sergio Eguía, Andrea Roverso, Alfonso San Miguel and Jordi Bartolomé

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182683 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Here we reveal a first comparative analysis of the use of food resources of wild populations of the aoudad Ammotragus lervia and the Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica, both in sympatric and allopatric conditions. The study was carried out in the southeastern mountains [...] Read more.

Here we reveal a first comparative analysis of the use of food resources of wild populations of the aoudad Ammotragus lervia and the Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica, both in sympatric and allopatric conditions. The study was carried out in the southeastern mountains of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Murcia region. Our results show that the aoudad preferentially behaves as a grazer herbivore, the herbaceous component being present in its diet by 57%. The ibex, on the contrary, shows a 63% preference for shrubs. When in sympatry, the ibex shows a comparatively higher incidence on the herbaceous stratum. In summer, the aoudad’s consumption of woody species increases. The differences observed in the feeding behavior of ibexes and aoudads most probably make their joint presence in the study mountainous ecosystems compatible, provided sufficient resources are available. Ecological implications and management proposals are discussed in the context of alien species management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 813 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Validation of an LC–MS/MS Method for Urinary Cortisol in Dogs and Reference Interval, with an Exploratory Comparison to Immunoassay

by Tommaso Furlanello, Francesca Maria Bertolini, Luca Magna, Jose Sanchez del Pulgar and Riccardo Masti

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182682 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cortisol measurement in dogs commonly supports the diagnosis of hypercortisolism or hypoadrenocorticism. Unlike serum cortisol, urine cortisol is less affected by daily fluctuations, and collection is non-invasive, making the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio (UCCR) a useful diagnostic tool. Immunoassays are commonly used but lack [...] Read more.

Cortisol measurement in dogs commonly supports the diagnosis of hypercortisolism or hypoadrenocorticism. Unlike serum cortisol, urine cortisol is less affected by daily fluctuations, and collection is non-invasive, making the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio (UCCR) a useful diagnostic tool. Immunoassays are commonly used but lack specificity for free, biologically active cortisol. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is recommended to overcome this limitation. This study aimed to validate an LC-MS/MS method for urinary cortisol measurement, establish a reference interval for UCCR in dogs, and compare the results with the commercial immunoassay system Immulite^® 2000 Xpi (Siemens, Cary, NC, USA). A comprehensive method validation was performed. Across different concentrations, the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 2.39% to 9.45%, accuracy ranged from 87.7% to 105.5%, and bias varied from −12.3% to 5.53%, which were all within acceptable limits. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² ≥ 0.98), and stability under various conditions was satisfactory (RSD: −12.4% to 13.6%). Interference from endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids was negligible. The established reference interval for UCCR was 0.21–2.84 × 10⁻⁶. The exploratory comparison with the immunoassay revealed systematic and proportional differences between methods. The LC-MS/MS method demonstrated excellent analytical performance in terms of accuracy and specificity, and showed suitability for clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

38 pages, 6150 KB

Open AccessReview

Rodent-Borne Parasites and Human Disease: A Growing Public Health Concern

by Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Awad A. Shehata, Rokshana Parvin, Shadia Tasnim, Phelipe Magalhães Duarte and Shereen Basiouni

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182681 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Rodents are among the most widespread mammals globally and serve as critical reservoirs for a wide array of zoonotic parasites that significantly impact human health. This review explores the growing public health concern of rodent-borne parasitic diseases, encompassing protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Key [...] Read more.

Rodents are among the most widespread mammals globally and serve as critical reservoirs for a wide array of zoonotic parasites that significantly impact human health. This review explores the growing public health concern of rodent-borne parasitic diseases, encompassing protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Key protozoan parasites include Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium spp., all of which are capable of causing severe diseases in humans and are found in rodent populations. Zoonotic helminths such as Hymenolepis spp., Trichinella spiralis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Capillaria hepatica, and Baylisascaris procyonis also demonstrate substantial zoonotic potential. Moreover, ectoparasites like Xenopsylla cheopis, Ornithonyssus bacoti, and Ixodes spp. play key roles in the transmission of vector-borne diseases, including plague, murine typhus, and Lyme disease. Anthropogenic factors, including urbanization, poor sanitation, habitat destruction, and climate change, exacerbate the emergence and spread of these infections. These drivers not only disrupt rodent ecology but also increase the frequency of human–rodent interactions, facilitating zoonotic transmission. Despite the severity of these threats, rodent-borne parasitic diseases remain underrecognized, particularly in low-resource settings where surveillance and control efforts are often limited. This review highlights the pressing need for integrated One Health strategies that encompass rodent population control, environmental hygiene, vector management, and public education. Strengthening global surveillance systems and investing in interdisciplinary research are critical for early detection, risk assessment, and prevention of future outbreaks. Tackling the ecological and environmental drivers of rodent-borne parasitic diseases is essential to safeguard both human and animal health in an increasingly interconnected world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rodents: Biology and Ecology)

16 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Grape Marc as a Functional Feed Ingredient for Farmed Snails (Cornu aspersum maximum): Effects on Production Performance, Parasitological Status, and Meat Quality

by Marianthi Hatziioannou, Alexandros Theodorou, Konstantinos Apostolou, Efkarpia Kougiagka, Persephoni Giannouli, Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis, Smaragda Sotiraki and Athanasios Exadactylos

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182680 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

In countries where edible snails are a valued food source, improving snail meat quality is a priority. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of grape marc (GM) supplementation in the diet of Cornu aspersum maximum, relative to production [...] Read more.

In countries where edible snails are a valued food source, improving snail meat quality is a priority. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of grape marc (GM) supplementation in the diet of Cornu aspersum maximum, relative to production performance, animal health and quality of snail meat. GM was added in feed for snails at an inclusion rate of 0%, 7% and 14%. The results demonstrated that GM supplementation can be included in the diet of farmed snails, resulting in a slight increase in feed intake without compromising growth performance. The inclusion of GM in the diet reduces from 2480 EPG (parasites’ eggs per gram of feces) after a non-enriched diet, compared to 700 EPG in the feces of snail fed supplemented diets. Nutritionally, the highest dry matter (24.14%) was observed after 14% feed enrichment. Feed enrichment improved the tenderness of boiled fillets (close to 6 N), with no color changes. Enriched diet may lead to the production of functional food which fulfils consumers’ demands for high-quality products. Notably, this was the first study that used GM as a feed component in heliciculture, highlighting its potential as an alternative and sustainable dietary source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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18 pages, 3613 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Impinging and Overriding Spinous Processes in Horses: A Narrative Review

by Nicola Pilati, Maria Chiara Pressanto, Angela Palumbo Piccionello, Francesco De Angelis Corvi and Francesca Beccati

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182679 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

The term overriding spinous processes (ORSPs), commonly known as “kissing spine syndrome,” refers to a skeletal abnormality in horses that is characterized by the narrowing (<4 mm) of the interspinous space and touching or overlapping of the spinous processes (SPs). This condition primarily [...] Read more.

The term overriding spinous processes (ORSPs), commonly known as “kissing spine syndrome,” refers to a skeletal abnormality in horses that is characterized by the narrowing (<4 mm) of the interspinous space and touching or overlapping of the spinous processes (SPs). This condition primarily affects the mid- and caudal thoracic vertebrae; however, ORSP can also affect the lumbar SPs. In the veterinary community, kissing spine is widely recognized as a common condition in sport horses, as it is often associated with chronic back pain and contributes to poor performance. Despite its significant clinical implications, the true incidence of pain arising from ORSPs in the equine population remains speculative and the demonstrated lack of correlation between diagnostic imaging findings and clinical signs complicates the clinical scenario. Over the years, several treatment approaches, both conservative and surgical, have been suggested to manage ORSP in horses. Although the development of these therapeutic strategies reflects ongoing efforts to address the complex nature of ORSP, the pathogenesis of the condition remains poorly understood. The aim of this review is to examine the literature to evaluate the current approaches to ORSPs and to highlight gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revolutionizing Animal Care: Enriching the Lives of Companion Animals and Equids Through Advanced Rehabilitation Techniques)

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19 pages, 1879 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Stress Response Profiling Reveals Adaptive Advantages of Indigenous Hercegovačka and Dubska Pramenka Sheep

by Husein Ohran, Naris Pojskic, Jasmin Ramic, Szilvia Kusza, Naida Lojo-Kadric and Aida Hodzic

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182678 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Climate change poses an increasing challenge to livestock production, making the identification of thermally resilient breeds crucial. This study investigated the expression patterns of eight thermal stress-related genes (HSP90AA1, HSPA8, HSPA1A, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NOS-3, and SOD-2) in two strains of indigenous Pramenka [...] Read more.

Climate change poses an increasing challenge to livestock production, making the identification of thermally resilient breeds crucial. This study investigated the expression patterns of eight thermal stress-related genes (HSP90AA1, HSPA8, HSPA1A, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NOS-3, and SOD-2) in two strains of indigenous Pramenka sheep (Hercegovačka and Dubska) under different climatic conditions. Blood samples were collected from 96 sheep across four locations during summer and winter seasons. Gene expression was analyzed using RT-PCR and evaluated against comprehensive environmental data, including the temperature–humidity index (THI). Principal component analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns between strains and seasons. The Hercegovačka strain showed consistently higher expression of HSP90AA1 compared to the Dubska strain in both seasons (summer: 5.81 vs. 2.47; winter: 4.38 vs. 1.19, p < 0.05), with all individuals exhibiting upregulation during summer and 95.8% showing upregulation during winter. Both strains demonstrated reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and increased expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10, suggesting maintained immunocompetence under thermal stress. The expression patterns of oxidative stress-related genes (SOD-2, NOS-3) indicated effective management of oxidative stress in both strains. These results suggest superior thermal adaptation in the Hercegovačka strain, particularly through HSP-mediated cellular protection mechanisms, while both strains show favorable immune and oxidative stress responses. These findings provide valuable insights for climate-resilient sheep breeding programs and the conservation of adaptive genetic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Research for Improving Livestock Heat Stress Resistance)

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12 pages, 1515 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Molecular Detection of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and Leishmania (M.) martiniquensis Infecting Domestic Animals from Panama, Central America

by Vanessa Pineda, Jose E. Calzada, Santiago Montilla, Indra Rodríguez, Erika Howard, Alicia I. Torres, Vanessa Vasquez, Adelys Reina, Azael Saldaña and Kadir González

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182677 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes of animals and humans. While CL is commonly diagnosed and studied in humans in Panama, limited information exists on its occurrence in domestic animals and their potential role as [...] Read more.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes of animals and humans. While CL is commonly diagnosed and studied in humans in Panama, limited information exists on its occurrence in domestic animals and their potential role as reservoirs. In this study, samples from twelve domestic animals (ten dogs and two horses) with suspected CL lesions were collected between 2021 and 2025 in endemic regions of Panama and evaluated using multiple diagnostic methods. Leishmania infection was confirmed in six of them (50%): five dogs and one horse. Three dogs were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, representing the first molecularly confirmed cases of this species in dogs from Panama and Central America. Two dogs tested positive for Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, though epidemiological evidence suggests these were imported cases. Notably, Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis was identified in a horse, marking the first report of this species in equines in Central America. These findings indicate a broader diversity of Leishmania species circulating in domestic animals than previously recognized and highlight their potential role in sustaining transmission cycles. The study underscores the need for enhanced surveillance of animal reservoirs to better understand the epidemiology and public health risks of CL in Panama. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leishmania Infection in Animals)

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19 pages, 2849 KB

Open AccessArticle

miR-194-3 Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis of Follicular Granulosa Cells by Targeting CHD4 in Zhedong White Geese

by Peng Zheng, Zhengyu Zang, Size Wang, Chuicheng Zeng, Yue Pan, Yuanliang Zhang, Shan Yue, Shengjun Liu, He Huang and Xiuhua Zhao

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182676 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The dynamic balance between proliferation and apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (GCs) is crucial for follicular development in poultry. microRNAs play important roles in ovarian development and follicular function. Previous transcriptome analyses showed that miR-194-3 was significantly differentially expressed in the ovaries of [...] Read more.

The dynamic balance between proliferation and apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (GCs) is crucial for follicular development in poultry. microRNAs play important roles in ovarian development and follicular function. Previous transcriptome analyses showed that miR-194-3 was significantly differentially expressed in the ovaries of Zhedong white geese during the laying and brooding stages. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of miR-194-3 on the proliferation and apoptosis of follicular GCs in Zhedong white geese. We first screened the target gene CHD4 of miR-194-3 and constructed the miR-194-3 mimic and inhibitor, a small interfering RNA of target gene CHD4. The experimental results showed that the overexpression of miR-194-3 significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of GC proliferation genes (PCNA, CDK-2, and CCND-1), reduced the proportion of EdU-labeled positive cells, blocked cell cycle progression, simultaneously up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, and significantly increased the rate of apoptosis. In contrast, the inhibition of miR-194-3 expression promoted the proliferation of goose follicular GCs, accelerated cell cycle progression, and decreased the apoptosis rate. Bioinformatics prediction combined with the results of the dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that CHD4 was a direct target gene of miR-194-3. The knockdown of CHD4 expression resulted in the down-regulation of PCNA, CDK-2 and CCND-1 expression; blockage of cell cycle progression; attenuation of cell proliferation; an up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 expression and a significant increase in apoptotic cell death. In summary, both miR-194-3 overexpression and CHD4 knockdown produced similar effects on goose follicular GC proliferation and apoptosis, suggesting that CHD4 may partially mediate the regulatory effects of miR-194-3; however, additional targets or pathways cannot be excluded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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27 pages, 10571 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Green Pitviper of the Genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Squamata: Viperidae) from Xizang, China

by Yuhao Xu, Tan Van Nguyen, Zhenqi Wang, Tierui Zhang, Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Cong Wei, Gernot Vogel, Jianchuan Li, Jundong Deng, Fanyue Sun, Lifang Peng and Shiyang Weng

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182675 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Species diversity within the green pit vipers of the genus Trimeresurus is likely underestimated. In this study, we describe a new species of Trimeresurus from the Xizang Autonomous Region, China, based on both morphological and molecular evidence. The new species, Trimeresurus pretiosus sp. [...] Read more.

Species diversity within the green pit vipers of the genus Trimeresurus is likely underestimated. In this study, we describe a new species of Trimeresurus from the Xizang Autonomous Region, China, based on both morphological and molecular evidence. The new species, Trimeresurus pretiosus sp. nov., is assigned to the subgenus Viridovipera Malhotra Thorpe. It is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) first supralabial completely separated from nasal scale; (2) hemipenis short and spinose, reaching the 12th subcaudal when fully everted; (3) small adult size, with a maximum known snout-vent length of 516 mm in males and 512 mm in females; (4) dorsal scales in 19–19–15 rows, weakly keeled except for the outermost rows; (5) 140–143 ventral scales; (6) 56–58 subcaudal scales in males and 54 in females, partially arranged in a single row; (7) iris reddish-brown in males, orange-yellow in females; (8) body uniformly bright grass-green; postocular streak absent or faint white in males, absent in females; (9) ventrolateral stripe consisting of red above and white below and wide in males, only white and narrow in females; (10) ventral surfaces greenish-yellow; (11) tail distinctly reddish-brown dorsally, with the colouration extending from tail base to tip. Molecular analyses based on the mitochondrial 16S, cyt b, and ND4 gene fragments indicate that the new species is genetically divergent from all congeners, with uncorrected p-distances ranging from 5.8% to 12.5% in the cyt b gene and from 6.7% to 11.0% in the ND4 gene. The new species is currently known only from the southern slopes of the central Himalayas in Yadong County, and it represents the second known Viridovipera species from the southern Himalayas. With this discovery, the total number of snake species known from the Xizang Autonomous Region increases to 67, underscoring the importance of continued herpetofaunal surveys in this biogeographically complex region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)

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19 pages, 2552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thromboelastographic Assessment of Coagulation Profiles in Dogs with Cardiac Tumors and Their Relationship to Cardiac Function

by Zeki Yilmaz, Hakan Salci, Pınar Levent, Didem Algan, Tuğba Varlik, Mehmet Emre Topçu, Ryou Tanaka and Lina Hamabe

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182674 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cardiac tumors are rare and linked to high mortality rates in both human and veterinary medicine. Despite their clinical significance, the effects of these tumors on coagulation and cardiac function remain poorly understood. This retrospective study assessed coagulation profiles and echocardiographic parameters in [...] Read more.

Cardiac tumors are rare and linked to high mortality rates in both human and veterinary medicine. Despite their clinical significance, the effects of these tumors on coagulation and cardiac function remain poorly understood. This retrospective study assessed coagulation profiles and echocardiographic parameters in 14 dogs with cardiac tumors compared to 10 healthy controls. Tumors were identified through echocardiography, with further confirmation by computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. Coagulation was evaluated using conventional tests (prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)) and thromboelastography (TEG). The employed conventional coagulation tests and echocardiographic parameters showed no significant differences between the groups. However, TEG revealed a hypercoagulable state in the majority of tumor-bearing dogs (8 out of 14), characterized by shortened reaction and clot formation times, as well as an increased α-angle and coagulation index (p < 0.05–0.001). No significant correlations were found between TEG parameters and echocardiographic indices. This study is the first to demonstrate subclinical hemostatic alterations using TEG in dogs with cardiac neoplasia. The results support the utility of TEG as a more sensitive tool than conventional tests for detecting hypercoagulability, potentially guiding individualized anticoagulant strategies in affected dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Oncology: Diagnostic Innovations, Therapeutic Approaches, and One Health Perspectives)

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14 pages, 235 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of an Unblanched Peanut and/or Peanut Skin Diet on Egg Quality, Egg Lipid Chemistry, and Performance of Hens Housed in a Cage-Free Environment

by Ondulla T. Toomer, Thien C. Vu, Rebecca Wysocky, Vera Moraes, Ramon Malheiros, Quentin D. Read and Kenneth E. Anderson

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182673 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Peanuts and poultry production predominate within the southeast US. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the dietary effects of unblanched (skin-intact) high-oleic peanuts (HOPNs) and peanut skins (PN skins) on layer performance, egg quality, and fatty acid profile. To meet [...] Read more.

Peanuts and poultry production predominate within the southeast US. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the dietary effects of unblanched (skin-intact) high-oleic peanuts (HOPNs) and peanut skins (PN skins) on layer performance, egg quality, and fatty acid profile. To meet these objectives, 200 hens were randomly assigned to four treatments, housed in floor pens, and fed ad libitum for 8 weeks a control, HOPN (24%), PN Skin (3%), or 2.5% oleic acid (OA) diet. All empirical data was statistically analyzed for variance at the p < 0.05 level. Hens fed the HOPN and PN Skin diets had heavier body weights relative to the controls at week 8 (p < 0.05). Layers fed the HOPN treatment had poor FCR and smaller egg weights with lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to the controls (p < 0.05). Hens fed the PN Skin treatment had similar performance parameters, egg quality, and egg chemistry relative to the controls over the 8-week study. These results imply that PN skins may be an acceptable poultry feed additive without adverse effects on performance, egg quality, or egg lipid chemistry. Also, these results demonstrate the potential value-added utilization of PN skins, a waste by-product of the peanut industry, as a layer feed ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Advances in Poultry Nutrition and Management, and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods: Second Edition)

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22 pages, 3465 KB

Open AccessReview

Novel Aspects of the Physiology of Pregnancy in Domestic Ruminants

by Fuller W. Bazer, Thainá Minela and Gregory A. Johnson

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182672 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Mammals exhibit unique and highly variable mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Ruminants (e.g., sheep, cows, and goats) have novel mechanisms whereby the conceptus (embryo and its extra-embryonic membranes) signals for the establishment of pregnancy and exhibits unique metabolic pathways favoring [...] Read more.

Mammals exhibit unique and highly variable mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Ruminants (e.g., sheep, cows, and goats) have novel mechanisms whereby the conceptus (embryo and its extra-embryonic membranes) signals for the establishment of pregnancy and exhibits unique metabolic pathways favoring conceptus development. Embryos of ruminants reach the spherical blastocyst stage at 5 to 10 mm in diameter and then elongate rapidly to elongated filamentous conceptuses of greater than 250 mm as they make contact with the uterine luminal epithelium (LE) for implantation. During conceptus elongation the trophectoderm cells secrete interferon tau (IFNT), a novel pregnancy recognition signal for ruminants to ensure maintenance of a functional corpus luteum (CL) to secrete progesterone (P4) required for pregnancy. P4 induces uterine epithelia cells to express the endogenous Jaagsiekte Retrovirus (enJSRV) that may transactivate toll-like receptors 7 and 8 in the conceptus trophectoderm to induce secretion of IFNT, a classical viral–antiviral mechanism. IFNT silences expression of receptors for estradiol (E2) and oxytocin (OXTR), which abrogates the mechanism whereby oxytocin from CL and posterior pituitary would otherwise induce large pulses of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF) by uterine epithelia to cause regression of the CL and its secretion of P4. IFNT has another novel role in silencing expression of not only ESR1 and OXTR, but all classical interferon-stimulated genes in the uterine LE and superficial glandular epithelium (sGE), but with P4 increasing expression of genes for transport of nutrients such as glucose and arginine into the uterine lumen to support conceptus development. Ruminant conceptuses convert glucose to fructose, a novel hexose sugar that cannot be transported back to the maternal circulation. Fructose is converted to fructose-1-PO4 for metabolism, not via the pathway for glycolysis but via the novel fructolysis pathway uninhibited by low pH, citrate, or ATP as is the case for glycolysis. Thus, fructose and its metabolites support the pentose cycle, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, one-carbon metabolism, and the citric acid cycle for all cells of the conceptus. Arginine is another key nutrient transported into the uterine lumen by the uterine LE/sGE in response to P4 and IFNT. Arginine is metabolized to generate nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine, essential for conceptus growth and development, while enhancing production of IFNT as a novel pregnancy recognition signal, and upregulating expression of genes in the uterine LE/sGE for transport of nutrients. Fructose is the major hexose sugar supporting major metabolic pathways required for conceptus growth and development in ruminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Technologies in Ruminant Nutrition, Reproduction, Health, Production, and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sound and Video Detection as a Tool to Estimate Free Grazing Behavior in Sheep on Different Swards

by Marcella Avondo, Matteo Bognanno, Francesco Beritelli, Roberta Avanzato, Luisa Biondi, Filippo Gimmillaro, Salvatore Bognanno, Alessandra Piccitto and Serena Tumino

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182671 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The aims of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of audio detection for identifying feeding sounds in free grazing sheep and to assess whether the recognition of these sounds could be influenced by pasture characteristics. Twelve Valle del Belice dry ewes were [...] Read more.

The aims of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of audio detection for identifying feeding sounds in free grazing sheep and to assess whether the recognition of these sounds could be influenced by pasture characteristics. Twelve Valle del Belice dry ewes were grazed on two mixed swards: on 10 May, grass-rich sward (G); on 13 May, legume-rich sward (L). Each ewe was fitted with a collar equipped with a point of view (POV) camera. All audio files (without viewing the videos) were listened to and sounds recognized as herbage prehension and rumination activity were highlighted. Time spent eating and ruminating was then calculated. To validate the audio file analysis, all video files were subjected to observation of the same behavioral aspects detected with audio. The regression between the prehensions number estimated using sound alone and the actual values recorded through video was significant (r² 0.743; p < 0.001). No differences were found in recognizing grazing behavior between data obtained by listening or watching the videos and between the two swards. The acoustic analysis of the single bites on grass and legume forages reveals significant differences between the two forage classes (p ≤ 0.001) particularly in terms of energy, temporal structure, and spectral features. Since sheep showed a strong selective activity towards legumes even in the grass-rich sward (selectivity index 3.1), this may have reduced acoustic differences between swards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 472 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dose-Dependent Effects of L-Serine Supplementation on Boar Sperm Quality During Chilled and Cryopreserved Storage

by Vibuntita Chankitisakul, Himalai Saiyamanon, Wuttigrai Boonkum, Eakapol Wangkahart and Ruthaiporn Ratchamak

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182670 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Boar sperm are highly sensitive to oxidative and cold-induced stress during storage, which compromises their functional integrity. This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of L-serine, an amino acid involved in glutathione synthesis and membrane stabilization, on boar sperm quality under chilled (17 °C) [...] Read more.

Boar sperm are highly sensitive to oxidative and cold-induced stress during storage, which compromises their functional integrity. This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of L-serine, an amino acid involved in glutathione synthesis and membrane stabilization, on boar sperm quality under chilled (17 °C) and cryopreserved conditions. Ejaculates from fertile boars were extended with Modena-based media supplemented with 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mM L-serine. Sperm quality parameters, including motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, lipid peroxidation (measured by malondialdehyde (MDA)), and antioxidant enzyme activity, were assessed over five days for chilled semen and post-thaw for cryopreserved samples. L-serine at 3 mM was most effective in maintaining chilled semen quality, as evidenced by superior motility, viability, and acrosome integrity by Day 5, accompanied by lower MDA levels and increased glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. In contrast, 1 mM was optimal for cryopreserved semen, improving post-thaw motility, mitochondrial activity, and antioxidant defense while reducing lipid peroxidation. Higher concentrations (≥5 mM) consistently impaired sperm function, likely due to osmotic stress or redox imbalance. These findings indicate that L-serine enhances boar sperm preservation in a concentration- and method-specific manner, with 3 mM supplementation most effective for chilled storage, and 1 mM for cryopreservation. This study supports the inclusion of amino acid antioxidants in extender formulations to improve semen preservation in swine artificial insemination systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pig Semen Preservation and Evaluation)

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28 pages, 13681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occlusion-Aware Caged Chicken Detection Based on Multi-Scale Edge Information Extractor and Context Fusion

by Fei Pan, Fang Huang, Luping Zhang, Huadong Yin, Ying Ruan, Daizhuang Yang and Shuheng Wang

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182669 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Due to the complex environment of caged chicken coops, uneven illumination and severe occlusion in the coops lead to unsatisfactory accuracy of chicken detection. In this study, we construct an image dataset in the production environment of caged chickens using a head and [...] Read more.

Due to the complex environment of caged chicken coops, uneven illumination and severe occlusion in the coops lead to unsatisfactory accuracy of chicken detection. In this study, we construct an image dataset in the production environment of caged chickens using a head and neck co-annotation method and a multi-stage co-enhancement strategy, and we propose Chicken-YOLO, an occlusion-aware caged chicken detection model based on multi-scale edge information extractor and context fusion for the severe occlusion and poor illumination situations. The model enhances chicken feather texture and crown contour features via the multi-scale edge information extractor (MSEIExtractor), optimizes downsampling information retention through integrated context-guided downsampling (CGDown), and improves occlusion perception using the detection head with the multi-scale separation and enhancement attention module (DHMSEAM). Experiments demonstrate that Chicken-YOLO achieves the best detection performance among mainstream models, exhibiting 1.7% and 1.6% improvements in mAP50 and mAP50:95, respectively, over the baseline model YOLO11n. Moreover, the improved model achieves higher mAP50 than the superior YOLO11s while using only 58.8% of its parameters and 42.3% of its computational cost. On the two specialized test sets—one for poor illumination cases and the other for multiple occlusion cases—Chicken-YOLO’s performance improves significantly, with mAP50 increasing by 3.0% and 1.8%, respectively. This suggests that the model enhances target capture capability under poor illumination and maintains better contour continuity in occlusion cases, verifying its robustness against complex disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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13 pages, 2623 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Insights into Testicular Apoptosis Associated with Spermatogenesis in Pre-Pubertal and Adult Meagre (Argyrosomus regius)

by Gianluca Ventriglia, Neil Duncan, Ignacio Giménez, Constantinos C. Mylonas, Chrysovalentinos Pousis, Caterina Varvara, Luisa Valentini, Letizia Passantino, Aldo Corriero and Rosa Zupa

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182668 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

To overcome reproductive dysfunctions, recombinant gonadotropin hormones have been synthesised in different fish species. We were interested in gaining further insight into the effects of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFsh) in meagre Argyrosomus regius spermatogenesis and in improving the existing knowledge on the role [...] Read more.

To overcome reproductive dysfunctions, recombinant gonadotropin hormones have been synthesised in different fish species. We were interested in gaining further insight into the effects of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFsh) in meagre Argyrosomus regius spermatogenesis and in improving the existing knowledge on the role of testicular apoptosis. Germ cell composition and testicular apoptosis were compared in pre-pubertal fish treated with rFsh (PreP-Fsh) and controls (PreP-C), and adult meagre with testes in the proliferative (Adult-Pro) and meiotic (Adult-Meio) spermatogenesis phases. A lower density of committed spermatogonia was observed in PreP-Fsh compared with PreP-C and in Adult-Meio compared with Adult-Pro. In pre-pubertal fish and in Adult-Pro, apoptosis affected mainly individual germ cells and Sertoli cells. In Adult-Meio, a high number of cysts containing apoptotic germ cells was observed, and apoptosis often involved entire clones of germ cells. rFsh reduced testicular apoptosis in pre-pubertal fish, whereas the advancement of spermatogenesis in adults was associated with an increased density of apoptotic cells. The present study corroborated previous observations on the effects of rFsh on spermatogenesis in pre-pubertal meagre and provided further insights on the changing role of apoptosis in the pre-pubertal phase versus different phases of spermatogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Reproductive Biology and Embryogenesis)

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