Journal Description
Animals
Animals
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal devoted entirely to animals, including zoology and veterinary sciences, published semimonthly online by MDPI. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), European College of Animal Welfare and Behavioural Medicine (ECAWBM), and Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) are affiliated with Animals and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, Animal Science Database, CAB Abstracts, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Veterinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Veterinary)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Animals include: Birds, Ruminants and Zoonotic Diseases.
Impact Factor:
3.0 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022)
Latest Articles
Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma in a Dog
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091302 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
A 5-year-old spayed female Breton dog was referred for a thyroid nodule. A total body CT scan evidenced multifocal hepatic nodules. Cytological liver samples were hemodiluted and non-diagnostic. Following a thyroidectomy, the histology was consistent with a follicular-compact thyroid carcinoma. On laparoscopy, most
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A 5-year-old spayed female Breton dog was referred for a thyroid nodule. A total body CT scan evidenced multifocal hepatic nodules. Cytological liver samples were hemodiluted and non-diagnostic. Following a thyroidectomy, the histology was consistent with a follicular-compact thyroid carcinoma. On laparoscopy, most hepatic lobes had multifocal dark-red nodules that were biopsied for histology. Microscopically, the hepatic parenchyma in the nodules was substituted by blood channels lined by bland spindle cells but adjacent to epithelioid neoplastic cells, single or in clusters, embedded in a moderate amount of edematous collagen matrix. These cells had optically empty cytoplasmic space, occasionally containing erythrocytes (microlumina). Spindle and epithelioid cells expressed membranous-to-cytoplasmic CD31 and FVIII-RA consistent with endothelial origin. Based on morphology and immunolabelling, a hemangioendothelioma with epithelioid differentiation was diagnosed. Lesions in the liver were initially stable, showing progression with time. The dog was alive with no systemic clinical signs 36 months after laparoscopy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
Open AccessArticle
Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Bordetella bronchiseptica in Central China, with Evidence of a Rare Heteroresistance Strain to Gentamicin
by
Li Yi, Haoran Fan, Shuo Yuan, Rishun Li, Haikun Wang, Yingying Quan, Hui Zhang, Yuxin Wang and Yang Wang
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091301 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a significant contributor to respiratory disease in pigs, leading to substantial economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. We isolated 52 B. bronchiseptica strains from 542 samples collected from pigs with atrophic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia in central China. Multi-locus sequence
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Bordetella bronchiseptica is a significant contributor to respiratory disease in pigs, leading to substantial economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. We isolated 52 B. bronchiseptica strains from 542 samples collected from pigs with atrophic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia in central China. Multi-locus sequence typing identified two prevalent sequence types: ST6 (69.23%) and ST7 (30.77%). PCR-based detection of seven virulence genes (fhaB, prn, cyaA, dnt, bteA, fla, and bfrZ) revealed that six of these genes were present in over 90% of the isolates, with bfrZ being the exception at 59.62%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, performed using the K-B method, demonstrated high sensitivity to enrofloxacin, polymyxin, and doxycycline but a notable resistance to tylosin, trimethoprim, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Remarkably, 86.54% of the isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Notably, we successfully screened a strain of B. bronchiseptica with a heteroresistance phenotype to gentamicin using population analysis profiling, which is a rare case. Biofilm-formation assays indicated that 96.15% of the isolates possessed biofilm-forming capabilities. These findings provide crucial insights into the prevalence of B. bronchiseptica in central China, facilitating the development of effective preventive measures to safeguard both animal and human health.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacteria Disease Research in Livestock and Poultry: Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Drug Resistance and Control)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Current State of Canine Heartworm in Portugal
by
Joana Esteves-Guimarães, Jorge Isidoro Matos, Beatriz Leal-Sousa, Pedro Oliveira, Luís Lobo, Ana Cristina Silvestre-Ferreira, Carla S. Soares, Iván Rodríguez-Escolar, Elena Carretón, Rodrigo Morchón, Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa and José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091300 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The favourable geo-climatic conditions in Portugal have made it highly conducive to the development of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, leading to its identification as an endemic region. This nematode is rapidly spreading across Europe, particularly in northeastern countries. The objective of this study
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The favourable geo-climatic conditions in Portugal have made it highly conducive to the development of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, leading to its identification as an endemic region. This nematode is rapidly spreading across Europe, particularly in northeastern countries. The objective of this study was to provide an updated assessment of the prevalence of this disease in Portuguese dogs, analysing the results in relation to epidemiological and geo-environmental factors, and to identify potential risk factors. A total of 1367 dogs from all continental and insular districts were included in the study and tested for D. immitis antigens. The overall prevalence was found to be 5.9%. It was observed that the disease is spreading northward, with previously unaffected districts now reporting cases, and that the prevalence in coastal districts exceeded that of inland ones. Notably, the Aveiro district exhibited a significant increase in D. immitis prevalence, while in certain districts such as Setúbal, Santarém, Madeira, or Faro, a stabilisation or decrease in prevalence was noted. Furthermore, outdoor and older dogs were found to be at a higher risk of infection. No positive cases were detected in the Azores. Most of the infected dogs were located in areas of high and medium risk of infection. This study underscores the importance of implementing pharmacological prophylaxis, vector control strategies, and public awareness programs to control the spread of this zoonotic disease.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Zoonotic Vector-Borne Diseases of Companion Animals)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Bile Acids on Growth, Glucose Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Spotted Seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus)
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Yongping Liu, Xiao Li, Jibin Lin, Kai Song, Xueshan Li, Ling Wang, Chunxiao Zhang and Kangle Lu
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091299 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was performed to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth, glucose metabolism, and intestinal health in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) reared at high temperatures (33 °C). The fish (20.09 ± 1.12 g) were fed diets
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An 8-week feeding trial was performed to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth, glucose metabolism, and intestinal health in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) reared at high temperatures (33 °C). The fish (20.09 ± 1.12 g) were fed diets supplemented with bile acids: 0 (Con), 400 (BA400), 800 (BA800), and 1200 (BA1200) mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the growth was promoted in fish at the BA800 treatment compared with the control (p < 0.05). Increased enzyme activities and transcripts of gluconeogenesis in the liver were observed, whereas decreased enzyme activities and transcripts of glycolysis, as well as glycogen content, were shown in the BA800 treatment (p < 0.05). The transcripts of bile acid receptors fxr in the liver were up-regulated in the BA800 treatment (p < 0.05). A bile acid supplementation of 800 mg/kg improved the morphological structure in the intestine. Meanwhile, intestinal antioxidant physiology and activities of lipase and trypsin were enhanced in the BA800 treatment. The transcripts of genes and immunofluorescence intensity related to pro-inflammation cytokines (il-1β, il-8, and tnf-α) were inhibited, while those of genes related to anti-inflammation (il-10 and tgf-β) were induced in the BA800 treatment. Furthermore, transcripts of genes related to the NF-κB pathway in the intestine (nfκb, ikkα, ikkꞵ, and ikbα1) were down-regulated in the BA800 treatment. This study demonstrates that a dietary bile acid supplementation of 800 mg/kg could promote growth, improve glucose metabolism in the liver, and enhance intestinal health by increasing digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity and inhibiting inflammatory response in L. maculatus.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Lipid Metabolism in Aquatic Animals)
Open AccessArticle
Alginate Oligosaccharide Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response of Rumen Epithelial Cells through NF-κB Signaling Pathway
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Xiaoyuan Qiu, Fuquan Yin, Chunmei Du, Jian Ma and Shangquan Gan
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091298 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
AOS alleviates inflammatory responses; however, whether it exerts an effect on the rumen or regulates rumen inflammatory reaction remains unknown. In this study, firstly, the ovine ruminal epithelial cells (ORECs) were treated with 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 µg/mL AOS, hoping to
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AOS alleviates inflammatory responses; however, whether it exerts an effect on the rumen or regulates rumen inflammatory reaction remains unknown. In this study, firstly, the ovine ruminal epithelial cells (ORECs) were treated with 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 µg/mL AOS, hoping to explore whether AOS hurt cell health. The results showed that compared with the AOS-0 group, the AOS-400 group could significantly increase (p < 0.05) cell viability, reduce (p < 0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin (IL)-6 content, and have no adverse effect on cells. Secondly, we used LPS to construct an in vitro inflammatory model of rumen epithelial cells and then explored the protective role of AOS on rumen epithelial cells. The study was divided into three groups: the control group (CON), LPS, and LPS + AOS. The results demonstrated that the LPS + AOS group significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the ROS level in comparison with the LPS group (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with AOS also repressed (p < 0.05) the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A from ORECs in the culture medium following LPS. In terms of tight junction (TJ) proteins, AOS treatment also significantly increased (p < 0.05) the zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and Occludin expression. The apoptosis rate, Caspase3, Caspase9, BAD, and BCL-2/BAX were decreased (p < 0.05) after AOS treatment, and the expression of BCL-2 was increased (p < 0.05). In addition, the expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were inhibited (p < 0.05) with the addition of AOS. At the protein level, pretreatment of AOS decreased (p < 0.05) the expression of MyD88 and the phosphorylation level of inhibitor κB α (IκBα) after the LPS challenge. Taken together, our results indicated that AOS could alleviate the LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response of rumen epithelial cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway, which may be a promising strategy for treating apoptosis and inflammation in sheep breeding.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
Open AccessArticle
Dissecting the Effects of Cephenemyia stimulator on the Olfactory Turbinates and Nasopharynx of Roe Deers (Capreolus capreolus)
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Irene Ortiz-Leal, Mateo V. Torres, Ana López-Beceiro, Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro and Luis Fidalgo
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091297 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal myiasis in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is a pathological condition caused by the larval stages of Cephenemyia stimulator, a fly from the Oestridae family. These larvae reside in the host’s upper respiratory tract for months, inducing significant tissue damage and
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Nasopharyngeal myiasis in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is a pathological condition caused by the larval stages of Cephenemyia stimulator, a fly from the Oestridae family. These larvae reside in the host’s upper respiratory tract for months, inducing significant tissue damage and clinical symptoms. The lifecycle of Cephenemyia stimulator is complex, involving three larval stages before maturation into adult flies, with each stage contributing to the progressive pathology observed in the host. Despite their prevalence, the histopathological effects of these larvae in the nasal and nasopharyngeal cavities have been understudied. Our study fills this knowledge gap by providing a detailed histopathological analysis of the affected tissues, using various staining techniques to reveal the extent and nature of the damage caused by these parasitic larvae. This histopathological examination reveals significant alterations within the nasopharyngeal mucosa and nasal cavity, including erythematous changes, mucosal metaplasia, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis. Parasitic cysts and eosinophilic infiltration further characterize the impact of the infestation, compromising not only the mucosal integrity but also potentially the olfactory function of the affected animals. This research is crucial for understanding the impact of myiasis on both the health and olfactory capabilities of roe deer populations and could have significant implications for wildlife management and conservation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Senses in Vertebrates)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Exposure to Human-Relevant Mixtures of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Zebrafish
by
Lina Birgersson, Sanne Odenlund and Joachim Sturve
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091296 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Fish models used for chemical exposure in toxicological studies are normally kept in barren tanks without any structural environmental enrichment. Here, we tested the combined effects of environmental enrichment and exposure to two mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in zebrafish. Firstly, we
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Fish models used for chemical exposure in toxicological studies are normally kept in barren tanks without any structural environmental enrichment. Here, we tested the combined effects of environmental enrichment and exposure to two mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in zebrafish. Firstly, we assessed whether developmental exposure to an EDC mixture (MIX G1) combined with rearing the fish in an enriched environment influenced behaviour later in life. This was evaluated using locomotion tracking one month after exposure, showing a significant interaction effect between enrichment and the MIX G1 exposure on the measured locomotion parameters. After three months, we assessed behaviour using custom-made behaviour tanks, and found that enrichment influenced swimming activity. Control fish from the enriched environment were more active than control fish from the barren environment. Secondly, we exposed adult zebrafish to a separate EDC mixture (MIX G0) after rearing them in a barren or enriched environment. Behaviour and hepatic mRNA expression for thyroid-related genes were assessed. There was a significant interaction effect between exposure and enrichment on swimming activity and an effect of environment on latency to approach the group of conspecifics, where enriched fish took more time to approach the group, possibly indicating that they were less anxious. Hepatic gene expression of a thyroid-related gene (thrb) was significantly affected by EDC exposure, while enrichment had no discernible impact on the expression of the measured genes. In conclusion, environmental enrichment is important to consider when studying the effects of EDCs in fish.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Zebrafish Research)
Open AccessArticle
Strategic Challenges to the Eradication of African Swine Fever Genotype II in Domestic Pigs in North Italy
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Silvia Pavone, Silvia Bellini, Carmen Iscaro, Marco Farioli, Mario Chiari, Antonio Lavazza, Luigi Ruocco, Davide Lelli, Giorgia Pintus, Paola Prati and Francesco Feliziani
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091295 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease characterized by high lethality in suids and caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The ASF genotype I virus was introduced to Europe in 1957, marking the onset of the first European epidemic
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African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease characterized by high lethality in suids and caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The ASF genotype I virus was introduced to Europe in 1957, marking the onset of the first European epidemic wave. In 2007, ASFV genotype II was detected in Georgia, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars before spreading to various European and extra-European countries, including Italy. The first case of ASFV in Italy was documented on 7 January 2022, in a wild boar in the Piedmont region. Since then, several ASFV-positive wild boar carcasses have been identified in the Piedmont and Liguria regions. By June 2023, ASFV had spread to Lombardy, one of the major pig-producing regions in northern Italy; the virus was first detected in early summer in wild boar carcasses. Two months later, it was diagnosed in a commercial pig farm as a consequence of the disease’s spread amongst wild boars and an increase in the viral environmental load. This report aims to describe the features of ASFV domestic pig outbreaks that occurred in the Zinasco municipality (Lombardy) and the joint efforts to mitigate potential direct and indirect economic impacts on the Italian and global pig industry. The epidemiological investigation and the measures implemented, which were all performed according to national and European regulations, as well as exceptional ad hoc measures aimed at protecting the pig industry, are described in order to provide a practical and effective approach to combating ASF.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue African Swine Fever Virus Transmission and Control: The Role of Wild and Domestic Suids—2nd Edition)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Increasing the Understanding of Nutrient Transport Capacity of the Ovine Placentome
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Cathrine Erichsen, Axel Heiser, Neville Haack, Paul Maclean, Cathy Mary Dwyer and Sue McCoard
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091294 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Placental nutrient transport capacity influences fetal growth and development; however, it is affected by environmental factors, which are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of the ovine placentome morphological subtype, tissue type, and maternal parenteral supplementation of
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Placental nutrient transport capacity influences fetal growth and development; however, it is affected by environmental factors, which are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of the ovine placentome morphological subtype, tissue type, and maternal parenteral supplementation of arginine mono-hydrochloride (Arg) on nutrient transport capacity using a gene expression approach. Placentomal tissues of types A, B, and C morphologic placentome subtypes were derived from 20 twin-bearing ewes, which were infused thrice daily with Arg (n = 9) or saline (Ctrl, n = 11) from 100 to 140 days of gestation. Samples were collected at day 140 of gestation. Expression of 31 genes involved in placental nutrient transport and function was investigated. Differential expression of specific amino acid transporter genes was found in the subtypes, suggesting a potential adaptive response to increase the transport capacity. Placentomal tissues differed in gene expression, highlighting differential transport capacity. Supplementation with Arg was associated with differential expressions of genes involved in amino acid transport and angiogenesis, suggesting a greater nutrient transport capacity. Collectively, these results indicate that the morphological subtype, tissue type, and maternal Arg supplementation can influence placental gene expression, which may be an adaptive response to alter the transport capacity to support fetal growth in sheep.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)
Open AccessArticle
Responses of Protozoan Communities to Multiple Environmental Stresses (Warming, Eutrophication, and Pesticide Pollution)
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Guoqing Yuan, Yue Chen, Yulu Wang, Hanwen Zhang, Hongxia Wang, Mixue Jiang, Xiaonan Zhang, Yingchun Gong and Saibo Yuan
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091293 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To explore the impacts of multiple environmental stressors on animal communities in aquatic ecosystems, we selected protozoa—a highly sensitive group of organisms—to assess the effect of environmental change. To conduct this simulation we conducted a three-factor, outdoor, mesocosm experiment from March to November
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To explore the impacts of multiple environmental stressors on animal communities in aquatic ecosystems, we selected protozoa—a highly sensitive group of organisms—to assess the effect of environmental change. To conduct this simulation we conducted a three-factor, outdoor, mesocosm experiment from March to November 2021. Changes in the community structure and functional group composition of protozoan communities under the separate and combined effects of these three environmental stressors were investigated by warming and the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides. The results were as follows: (1) Both eutrophication and pesticides had a considerable promotional effect on the abundance and biomass of protozoa; the effect of warming was not considerable. When warming was combined with eutrophication and pesticides, there was a synergistic effect and antagonistic effect, respectively. (2) Eutrophication promoted α diversity of protozoa and affected their species richness and dominant species composition; the combination of warming and pesticides remarkably reduced the α diversity of protozoa. (3) Warming, eutrophication, and pesticides were important factors affecting the functional groups of protozoa. Interaction among different environmental factors could complicate changes in the aquatic ecological environment and its protozoan communities. Indeed, in the context of climate change, it might be more difficult to predict future trends in the protozoan community. Therefore, our results provide a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of shallow lake ecosystems; they also offer valuable insights in predicting changes in shallow lakes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)
Open AccessArticle
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Bovine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
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Vitali V. Maldonado, Sriya Pokharel, Jeremy G. Powell and Rebekah M. Samsonraj
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091292 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly trialed in cellular therapy applications in humans. They can also be applied to treat a range of diseases in animals, particularly in cattle to combat inflammatory conditions and aging-associated degenerative disorders. We sought to demonstrate the
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Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly trialed in cellular therapy applications in humans. They can also be applied to treat a range of diseases in animals, particularly in cattle to combat inflammatory conditions and aging-associated degenerative disorders. We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining MSCs from adipose tissue and characterizing them using established assays. Methods: Bovine adipose MSCs (BvAdMSCs) were isolated using in-house optimized tissue digestion protocols and characterized by performing a colony formation assay, cell growth assessments, cell surface marker analysis by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, and secretion of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenease (IDO). Results: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of successful MSC isolation and culture expansion from bovine adipose tissues with characteristic features of colony formation, in vitro multilineage differentiation into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, and cell surface marker expression of CD105, CD73, CD90, CD44, and CD166 with negative expression of CD45. BvAdMSCs secreted significant amounts of IDO with or without interferon–gamma stimulation, indicating ability for immunomodulation. Conclusions: We report a viable approach to obtaining autologous adipose-derived MSCs that can be applied as potential adjuvant cell therapy for tissue repair and regeneration in cattle. Our methodology can be utilized by veterinary cell therapy labs for preparing MSCs for disease management in cattle.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Cattle Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
Role of Maternal Antibodies in the Protection of Broiler Chicks against Campylobacter Colonization in the First Weeks of Life
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Kristof Haems, Diederik Strubbe, Nathalie Van Rysselberghe, Geertrui Rasschaert, An Martel, Frank Pasmans and An Garmyn
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091291 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterium-mediated diarrheal disease in humans globally. Poultry is considered the most important reservoir of human campylobacteriosis, but so far, no effective countermeasures are in place to prevent the bacterium from colonizing broiler flocks. This
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Thermophilic Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterium-mediated diarrheal disease in humans globally. Poultry is considered the most important reservoir of human campylobacteriosis, but so far, no effective countermeasures are in place to prevent the bacterium from colonizing broiler flocks. This study investigated maternal antibodies’ potential to offer protection against Campylobacter in broiler chicks via a field trial and an immunization trial. In the field trial, breeder flocks with high and low anti-Campylobacter antibody levels in the yolk were selected based on serological screening. Offspring were subsequently monitored for maternal antibodies and Campylobacter prevalence during early life. Although maternal antibodies declined rapidly in the serum of broilers, offspring from flocks with lower anti-Campylobacter antibody levels seemed to be more susceptible to colonization. In the immunization trial, breeders from a seropositive breeder flock were vaccinated with an experimental bacterin or subunit vaccine. Immunization increased antibody levels in the yolk and consequently in the offspring. Elevated maternal antibody levels were significantly associated with reduced Campylobacter susceptibility in broilers at 2 weeks old but not at 1 and 3 weeks old. Overall, the protective effect of maternal immunity should be cautiously considered in the context of Campylobacter control in broilers. Immunization of breeders may enhance resistance but is not a comprehensive solution.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Animal Microbiome in Health and Disease)
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Open AccessArticle
Differential Gene Expression in Porcine Lung Compartments after Experimental Infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
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Rubén S. Rosales, David Risco, Obdulio García-Nicolás, Francisco J. Pallarés, Ana S. Ramírez, José B. Poveda, Robin A. J. Nicholas and Francisco J. Salguero
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091290 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), as well as one of the main pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex. The host–pathogen interaction between Mhyo and infected pigs is complex and not completely understood; however, improving
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), as well as one of the main pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex. The host–pathogen interaction between Mhyo and infected pigs is complex and not completely understood; however, improving the understanding of these intricacies is essential for the development of effective control strategies of EP. In order to improve our knowledge about this interaction, laser-capture microdissection was used to collect bronchi, bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue, and lung parenchyma from animals infected with different strains of Mhyo, and mRNA expression levels of different molecules involved in Mhyo infection (ICAM1, IL-8, IL-10, IL-23, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α) were analyzed by qPCR. In addition, the quantification of Mhyo load in the different lung compartments and the scoring of macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions were also performed. Strain-associated differences in virulence were observed, as well as the presence of significant differences in expression levels of cytokines among lung compartments. IL-8 and IL-10 presented the highest upregulation, with limited differences between strains and lung compartments. IFN-α was strongly downregulated in BALT, implying a relevant role for this cytokine in the immunomodulation associated with Mhyo infections. IL-23 was also upregulated in all lung compartments, suggesting the potential involvement of a Th17-mediated immune response in Mhyo infections. Our findings highlight the relevance of Th1 and Th2 immune response in cases of EP, shedding light on the gene expression levels of key cytokines in the lung of pigs at a microscopic level.
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(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)
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Open AccessArticle
β-Sitosterol Reduces the Content of Triglyceride and Cholesterol in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model
by
Peng Zhang, Naicheng Liu, Mingyang Xue, Mengjie Zhang, Zidong Xiao, Chen Xu, Yuding Fan, Junqiang Qiu, Qinghua Zhang and Yong Zhou
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091289 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with hyperlipidemia, which is closely related to high levels of sugar and fat. β-sitosterol is a natural product with significant hypolipidemic and cholesterol-lowering effects. However, the underlying mechanism of its action on aquatic products
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Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with hyperlipidemia, which is closely related to high levels of sugar and fat. β-sitosterol is a natural product with significant hypolipidemic and cholesterol-lowering effects. However, the underlying mechanism of its action on aquatic products is not completely understood. Methods: A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD zebrafish model was successfully established, and the anti-hyperlipidemic effect and potential mechanism of β-sitosterol were studied using oil red O staining, filipin staining, and lipid metabolomics. Results: β-sitosterol significantly reduced the accumulation of triglyceride, glucose, and cholesterol in the zebrafish model. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that differential lipid molecules in β-sitosterol mainly regulated the lipid metabolism and signal transduction function of the zebrafish model. β-sitosterol mainly affected steroid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis in the zebrafish model. Compared with the HFD group, the addition of 500 mg/100 g of β-sitosterol significantly inhibited the expression of Ppar-γ and Rxr-α in the zebrafish model by at least 50% and 25%, respectively. Conclusions: β-sitosterol can reduce lipid accumulation in the zebrafish model of NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism and signal transduction and inhibiting adipogenesis and lipid storage.
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(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)
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Open AccessArticle
Increasing Population Status of Broad-Snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) Based on Sustainable Use Strategies in a Managed Protected Area in Santa Fe, Argentina
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Pablo Ariel Siroski, Hernán Ciocan, Samuel Hilevski and Alejandro Larriera
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091288 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
People and crocodilians have engaged in interactions since the earliest human settlements. After many years of escalating non-regulated use, coupled with emerging threats such as habitat modification, environmental pollution, and the exponential growth of human populations, natural crocodilian populations have been pushed to
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People and crocodilians have engaged in interactions since the earliest human settlements. After many years of escalating non-regulated use, coupled with emerging threats such as habitat modification, environmental pollution, and the exponential growth of human populations, natural crocodilian populations have been pushed to the brink of extinction. To prevent this, various initiatives have implemented strategies to prevent local extinction. Reinforcing wild populations through reintroductions and head-starting programs has been considered the safest approach to recovering crocodilian populations. Subsequently, the concept of sustainability emerged. In the case of many historically exploited crocodilian species, it became evident that rational utilization need not adversely affect population status; on the contrary, there were clear signs of recovery when local communities were involved. In 1990, the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) was in a critical state due to decades of poaching and the aforementioned threats. In response, the “Monitoring and restocking program of the broad-snouted caiman for management purposes”, commonly known as Proyecto Yacaré, was established to study population abundance and assess the biological, ecological, and social response to this management methodology. As a result of the eggs’s harvest, a proportion equivalent to or greater than what would have survived in natural conditions was released into the original habitat where the eggs were collected. The surplus was allocated for leather and meat production with a focus on economic and environmentally sustainable practices, without affecting biodiversity or threats to the managed species. The in situ work carried out by this program has been crucial for the recovery of broad-snouted caiman populations under the “incentives for conservation” system, whereby local communities receive benefits for nest identification and egg harvesting. Over time, conservation incentives have become significant contributors to regional economies. This study illustrates how C. latirostris populations increased due to the implementation of egg harvesting by local communities in a natural reserve for management purposes. This population increase was detected through continuous night monitoring and an analysis of the number of nests in the area. Currently, C. latirostris populations have transitioned from being among the most threatened to becoming one of the most abundant throughout their distribution area. Based on the analyzed information, we may affirm that the commercial value of these species is one of the most relevant aspects contributing to the sustainability of these programs, primarily due to the change in perception generated among local communities. Therefore, identifying and controlling factors affecting these programs are fundamental for the conservation of these species.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of Crocodiles)
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Variations in Genetic Diversity of Invasive Species Lithobates catesbeianus in China
by
Jiaqi Zhang, Chunxia Xu, Supen Wang, Siqi Wang and Yiming Li
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091287 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The introduction and subsequent range expansion of the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is part of a rising trend of troublesome biological invasions happening in China. This detrimental amphibious invasive species has strong adaptability. After its introduction and spread, it established its
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The introduction and subsequent range expansion of the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is part of a rising trend of troublesome biological invasions happening in China. This detrimental amphibious invasive species has strong adaptability. After its introduction and spread, it established its own ecological niche in many provinces of China, and its range has continued to expand to more areas. Previous studies recorded the introduction time of bullfrogs and calculated the changes in their genetic diversity in China using mitochondria, but the specific introduction route in China is still unknown. Expanding upon previous research, we employed whole-genome scans (utilizing 2b-RAD genomic sequencing) to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites within Lithobates catesbeianus to screen the genomes of these invasive amphibian species from eight Chinese provinces and two U.S. states, including Kansas, where bullfrogs originate. A total of 1,336,475 single nucleotide polymorphic loci and 17 microsatellite loci were used to calculate the genetic diversity of bullfrogs and their migration pathways. Our results suggest that the population in Hunan was the first to be introduced and to spread, and there may have been multiple introductions of subpopulations. Additionally, the genetic diversity of both the SNP and microsatellite loci in the Chinese bullfrog population was lower than that of the US population due to bottleneck effects, but the bullfrogs can adapt and spread rapidly. This study will offer crucial insights for preventing and controlling future introductions into the natural habitats in China. Additionally, it will assist in devising more precise strategies to manage the existing populations and curtail their continued expansion, as well as aim to improve clarity and originality while mitigating plagiarism risk.
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(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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Tackling Antibiotic Resistance: Exploring 5-Fluorouracil as a Promising Antimicrobial Strategy for the Treatment ofStreptococcus suis Infection
by
Jing Zuo, Yingying Quan, Jinpeng Li, Yue Li, Dong Song, Xingping Li, Yuxin Wang, Li Yi and Yang Wang
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091286 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen with a global distribution, which causes serious diseases in both humans and animals and economic losses in the swine industry. As antibiotic resistance increases, there is an urgent imperative to explore novel antibacterial
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Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen with a global distribution, which causes serious diseases in both humans and animals and economic losses in the swine industry. As antibiotic resistance increases, there is an urgent imperative to explore novel antibacterial alternatives. In the present study, we selected the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a candidate drug to treat S. suis infections. The results showed that various pathogens, especially S. suis, are more sensitive to 5-FU. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of 5-FU is relatively low. Extensive in vitro assays demonstrated the pronounced bacteriostatic and bactericidal efficacy of 5-FU against susceptible and multidrug-resistant S. suis strains. Its mechanisms of action include damage to the bacterial cell walls and membranes, resulting in the leakage of intracellular components, and the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS), leading to a depletion of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) pools, ultimately causing thymine-less death and lethal DNA damage in bacteria. Gene-knockout experiments further showed that 5-FU played a role by inhibiting the thyA gene-encoding thymidine synthase. Finally, we determined that S. suis infections can be alleviated by 5-FU in the mouse infection model. This study emphasizes the antibacterial potential of 5-FU against S. suis and provides evidence for its targeting of bacterial membrane damage and DNA damage. In summary, 5-FU can control S. suis infection and is expected to become a new alternative to antibiotics.
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(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of Probiotics on the Growth Performance of Fattening Sheep
by
Mingyue Wang, Mingliang Yi, Lei Wang, Shixin Sun, Yinghui Ling, Zijun Zhang and Hongguo Cao
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091285 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Probiotics have been proven to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the growth performance; rumen and intestinal microbiota; rumen fluid, serum, and urine metabolism; and rumen epithelial
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Probiotics have been proven to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the growth performance; rumen and intestinal microbiota; rumen fluid, serum, and urine metabolism; and rumen epithelial cell transcriptomics of fattening meat sheep. Twelve Hu sheep were selected and randomly divided into two groups. They were fed a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 × 108 CFU/g probiotics (PRB). The results show that the average daily weight gain, and volatile fatty acid and serum antioxidant capacity concentrations of the PRB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared to the CON group, the thickness of the rumen muscle layer in the PRB group was significantly decreased (p < 0.01); the thickness of the duodenal muscle layer in the fattening sheep was significantly reduced; and the length of the duodenal villi, the thickness of the cecal and rectal mucosal muscle layers, and the thickness of the cecal, colon, and rectal mucosal layers (p < 0.05) were significantly increased. At the genus level, the addition of probiotics altered the composition of the rumen and intestinal microbiota, significantly upregulating the relative abundance of Subdivision5_genera_incertae_sedis and Acinetobacter in the rumen microbiota, and significantly downregulating the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio, Saccharofermentans, and Fibrobacter. The relative abundance of faecalicoccus was significantly upregulated in the intestinal microbiota, while the relative abundance of Coprococcus, Porphyromonas, and Anaerobacterium were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the rumen, serum, and urine metabolites between the PRB group and the CON group, with 188, 138, and 104 metabolites (p < 0.05), mainly affecting pathways such as vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, and a series of amino acid metabolisms. The differential genes in the transcriptome sequencing were mainly enriched in protein modification regulation (especially histone modification), immune function regulation, and energy metabolism. Therefore, adding probiotics improved the growth performance of fattening sheep by altering the rumen and intestinal microbiota; the rumen, serum, and urine metabolome; and the transcriptome.
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(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)
Open AccessArticle
Heavy Pigs Reared for Italian Dry-Cured Products: Does Immunocastration Influence the Fatty Acid Profile of Loins and Backfat?
by
Marta Comin, Gaia Pesenti Rossi, Lydia Lanzoni, Paraskevi Prasinou, Annalaura Lopez, Giorgio Vignola, Sara Barbieri and Emanuela Dalla Costa
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091284 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The Italian pig sector requires heavy pigs (raised for at least nine months and slaughtered at >160 kg). In order to avoid boar taint and lower the impact on welfare, immunocastration provides an alternative to surgical castration. This study investigated the effects of
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The Italian pig sector requires heavy pigs (raised for at least nine months and slaughtered at >160 kg). In order to avoid boar taint and lower the impact on welfare, immunocastration provides an alternative to surgical castration. This study investigated the effects of immunocastration compared to surgical castration on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of loins (longissimus dorsi muscle) and adipose tissue in Italian heavy pigs raised for dry-cured ham. Twenty-four male pigs were subjected to surgical castration (n = 12) or immunocastration (n = 12). Carcass parameters were monitored at slaughter, and samples of longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat were analysed. This study showed no significant differences in carcass characteristics and proximate composition of fresh meat. However, variations were observed in the fatty acid profiles of meat and adipose tissue between groups. Notably, saturated fatty acids, particularly stearic acid (18:0), were higher in the intramuscular fat (IMF) of the immunocastrated pigs compared to the surgically castrated pigs. Conversely, monounsaturated fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid (18:1n-9), were higher in the IMF from the surgically castrated pigs compared to the immunocastrated pigs. While immunocastration may offer benefits in terms of animal growth and carcass composition, it could lead to unfavourable lipid changes in fresh loin meat for Italian heavy pigs.
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(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
Open AccessArticle
Potential Inhibitors of Lumpy Skin Disease’s Viral Protein (DNA Polymerase): A Combination of Bioinformatics Approaches
by
Sabbir Zia, Md-Mehedi Sumon, Md-Ashiqur Ashik, Abul Basar, Sangjin Lim, Yeonsu Oh, Yungchul Park and Md-Mafizur Rahman
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091283 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), caused by a virus within the Poxviridae family and Capripoxvirus genus, induces nodular skin lesions in cattle. This spreads through direct contact and insect vectors, significantly affecting global cattle farming. Despite the availability of vaccines, their efficacy is limited
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD), caused by a virus within the Poxviridae family and Capripoxvirus genus, induces nodular skin lesions in cattle. This spreads through direct contact and insect vectors, significantly affecting global cattle farming. Despite the availability of vaccines, their efficacy is limited by poor prophylaxis and adverse effects. Our study aimed to identify the potential inhibitors targeting the LSDV-encoded DNA polymerase protein (gene LSDV039) for further investigation through comprehensive analysis and computational methods. Virtual screening revealed rhein and taxifolin as being potent binders among 380 phytocompounds, with respective affinities of −8.97 and −7.20 kcal/mol. Canagliflozin and tepotinib exhibited strong affinities (−9.86 and −8.86 kcal/mol) among 718 FDA-approved antiviral drugs. Simulating the molecular dynamics of canagliflozin, tepotinib, rhein, and taxifolin highlighted taxifolin’s superior stability and binding energy. Rhein displayed compactness in RMSD and RMSF, but fluctuated in Rg and SASA, while canagliflozin demonstrated stability compared to tepotinib. This study highlights the promising potential of using repurposed drugs and phytocompounds as potential LSD therapeutics. However, extensive validation through in vitro and in vivo testing and clinical trials is crucial for their practical application.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in the Wildlife–Livestock–Human Interface)
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