Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ingredients and Dietary Treatments
2.2. Experimental Animals, Feeding and Sample Collection
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Analysis
3.2. Basal Ileal Endogenous Losses of AA
3.3. Digestibility of CP and AA in Exp. 1
3.4. Digestibility of CP and AA in Exp. 2
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | EA | Casein | BM | BPM | NFD | PF | FFSB | NFD |
Cornstarch | 604.0 | 626.0 | 621.0 | 599.0 | 748.0 | 536.0 | 446.0 | 769.0 |
Egg albumen | 233.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Casein | - | 212.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Blood meal | - | - | 213.0 | - | - | - | - | - |
Blood plasma meal | - | - | - | 243.0 | - | - | - | - |
Peanut flour | - | - | - | - | - | 380.0 | - | - |
Full-fat soybeans | - | - | - | - | - | - | 495.0 | - |
Dextrose | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 |
Soybean oil | - | - | - | - | 30.0 | 25.0 | - | 30.0 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 25.0 | 22.0 | 26.0 | 14.0 | 29.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 |
Limestone | 6.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 11.8 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 5.0 |
Cellulose 2 | - | - | - | - | 50.0 | - | - | 40.0 |
Salt | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Potassium carbonate | - | - | - | - | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
Magnesium oxide | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Vitamin premix 3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Mineral premix 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Selenium premix 5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Chromic oxide premix 6 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 |
Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | EA | Casein | BM | BPM | PF | FFSB |
Dry matter | 949.0 | 913.0 | 919.0 | 938.0 | 953.0 | 939.0 |
Gross energy, MJ/kg | 26.3 | 23.8 | 22.2 | 19.9 | - | - |
Crude protein (N × 6.25) | 870.0 | 894.0 | 914.0 | 784.0 | 503.0 | 386.0 |
Ca | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.4 | - | - |
P | 6.8 | 6.8 | 2.2 | 12.6 | - | - |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||||
Arg | 49.5 | 27.8 | 44.8 | 46.9 | 51.6 | 29.0 |
His | 21.3 | 26.7 | 63.7 | 25.6 | 10.4 | 10.1 |
Ile | 45.2 | 51.1 | 12.5 | 24.5 | 15.4 | 18.2 |
Leu | 72.3 | 87.8 | 114.2 | 75.6 | 30.7 | 30.1 |
Lys | 59.8 | 71.9 | 78.1 | 73.3 | 10.6 | 24.9 |
Met | 31.0 | 28.3 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 5.4 |
Phe | 52.4 | 46.4 | 57.9 | 42.6 | 5.0 | 5.4 |
Thr | 38.2 | 40.8 | 33.7 | 52.1 | 11.7 | 14.4 |
Trp | 14.3 | 12.8 | 11.8 | 16.1 | 5.0 | 5.5 |
Val | 59.4 | 61.1 | 75.5 | 54.8 | 19.1 | 19.6 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||||
Ala | 53.1 | 27.4 | 67.9 | 41.7 | 18.1 | 16.4 |
Asp | 90.0 | 62.6 | 102.0 | 81.0 | 53.7 | 43.6 |
Cys | 22.3 | 3.4 | 12.8 | 24.3 | 5.1 | 5.4 |
Glu | 111.6 | 201.4 | 90.2 | 108.9 | 86.3 | 66.0 |
Gly | 30.3 | 16.8 | 43.9 | 27.9 | 26.6 | 16.5 |
Pro | 30.5 | 108.5 | 39.8 | 41.9 | 19.2 | 19.2 |
Ser | 50.0 | 42.7 | 40.6 | 45.7 | 20.2 | 16.8 |
Tyr | 32.7 | 49.5 | 27.0 | 40.1 | 18.4 | 13.9 |
Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | EA | Casein | BM | BPM | NFD | PF | FFSB | NFD |
Crude protein (N × 6.25) | 217.0 | 191.0 | 206.0 | 193.0 | 30.0 | 194.0 | 183.0 | 10.0 |
Ca | 6.8 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 5.1 |
P | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 4.2 |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||||||
Arg | 10.3 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 20.8 | 0.2 | 19.3 | 13.0 | 0.1 |
His | 5.2 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 0.1 |
Ile | 11.7 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 0.1 |
Leu | 22.4 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 13.5 | 0.4 | 11.8 | 14.0 | 0.4 |
Lys | 17.2 | 13.6 | 12.7 | 8.8 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 11.7 | 0.1 |
Met | 4.7 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 0.2 |
Phe | 14.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 0.3 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 0.1 |
Thr | 12.5 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 0.2 |
Trp | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 0.4 |
Val | 13.9 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 11.2 | 0.2 | 7.2 | 9.0 | 0.2 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||||||
Ala | 10.9 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 0.3 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 0.2 |
Asp | 26.5 | 24.1 | 23.8 | 21.0 | 0.3 | 20.7 | 19.8 | 0.2 |
Cys | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 0.1 |
Glu | 23.1 | 38.8 | 38.9 | 44.6 | 0.5 | 34.0 | 30.9 | 0.6 |
Gly | 10.6 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 13.1 | 0.2 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 0.1 |
Pro | 10.3 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 8.2 | 0.2 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 0.2 |
Ser | 10.2 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 0.2 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 0.1 |
Tyr | 10.5 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 0.1 |
Experiment 1 1 | Experiment 2 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Mean | SD 3 | Mean | SD |
Crude protein, g/kg DMI | 19.2 | 3.78 | 18.9 | 6.09 |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||
Arg | 723 | 88.7 | 630 | 256.5 |
His | 313 | 66.5 | 257 | 91.3 |
Ile | 464 | 129.2 | 449 | 179.4 |
Leu | 877 | 219.4 | 809 | 310.6 |
Lys | 774 | 188.7 | 729 | 330.4 |
Met | 124 | 54.6 | 125 | 51.7 |
Phe | 540 | 139.9 | 461 | 176.4 |
Thr | 820 | 199.9 | 697 | 256.8 |
Trp | 195 | 63.7 | 176 | 52.2 |
Val | 664 | 176.1 | 625 | 224.9 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||
Ala | 743 | 128.7 | 686 | 258.1 |
Asp | 1130 | 268.5 | 1119 | 417.1 |
Cys | 272 | 66.1 | 238 | 82.6 |
Glu | 1332 | 317.8 | 1331 | 494.1 |
Gly | 1474 | 302.7 | 1427 | 438.2 |
Pro | 3856 | 1362.9 | 1630 | 245.3 |
Ser | 754 | 195.9 | 638 | 232.5 |
Tyr | 371 | 92.9 | 359 | 172.5 |
Item | EA | Casein | BM | BPM | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | 79.4 b | 91.5 a | 73.9 b | 76.3 b | 1.66 | <0.001 |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||||
Arg | 75.9 d | 96.2 a | 82.9 c | 91.3 b | 0.92 | <0.001 |
His | 78.2 bc | 94.7 a | 67.3 d | 77.4 cd | 2.72 | <0.001 |
Ile | 79.1 c | 93.9 a | 87.8 b | 85.1 b | 1.16 | <0.001 |
Leu | 83.3 b | 94.7 a | 75.8 b | 75.6 b | 2.42 | <0.001 |
Lys | 82.2 b | 93.6 a | 78.6 b | 61.2 c | 2.65 | <0.001 |
Met | 66.9 c | 94.2 a | 85.9 b | 87.8 b | 1.24 | <0.001 |
Phe | 80.9 b | 95.4 a | 82.6 b | 82.5 b | 1.72 | <0.001 |
Thr | 83.1 a | 88.4 a | 68.4 b | 62.9 b | 2.41 | <0.001 |
Trp | 72.6 c | 92.0 a | 83.1 b | 77.2 bc | 1.68 | <0.001 |
Val | 78.1 b | 92.7 a | 70.2 b | 76.9 b | 2.35 | <0.001 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||||
Ala | 76.0 bc | 92.3 a | 71.1 c | 79.6 b | 1.95 | <0.001 |
Asp | 82.1 b | 94.8 a | 79.8 b | 79.6 b | 1.45 | <0.001 |
Cys | 56.8 bc | 90.6 a | 21.2 d | 66.9 b | 2.53 | <0.001 |
Glu | 75.0 c | 94.9 a | 87.6 b | 87.7 b | 0.95 | <0.001 |
Gly | 79.7 b | 88.6 a | 63.3 c | 78.8 b | 1.96 | <0.001 |
Pro | 75.5 | 84.1 | 62.2 | 65.2 | 6.26 | 0.040 |
Ser | 71.3 b | 90.7 a | 69.3 b | 69.4 b | 2.11 | <0.001 |
Tyr | 83.8 b | 93.7 a | 80.2 b | 69.2 c | 2.39 | <0.001 |
Item | EA | Casein | BM | BPM | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | 87.6 b | 100.7 a | 82.5 b | 85.5 b | 1.66 | <0.001 |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||||
Arg | 82.5 d | 100.6 a | 87.5 c | 94.5 b | 0.92 | <0.001 |
His | 83.8 b | 99.5 a | 72.6 c | 83.2 b,c | 2.72 | <0.001 |
Ile | 82.8 c | 98.3 a | 92.3 b | 89.7 b | 1.16 | <0.001 |
Leu | 86.9 b | 99.5 a | 80.8 b | 81.7 b | 2.42 | <0.001 |
Lys | 86.5 b | 98.9 a | 84.3 b | 69.3 c | 2.65 | <0.001 |
Met | 69.4 c | 98.3 a | 90.8 b | 90.9 b | 1.24 | <0.001 |
Phe | 84.5 b | 98.9 a | 87.1 b | 87.2 b | 1.72 | <0.001 |
Thr | 89.2 a | 97.5 a | 78.5 b | 72.4 b | 2.41 | <0.001 |
Trp | 79.3 c | 99.7 a | 89.5 b | 83.2 b,c | 1.68 | <0.001 |
Val | 82.6 b | 98.7 a | 76.5 b | 82.5 b | 2.35 | <0.001 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||||
Ala | 82.4 b | 99.5 a | 79.2 b | 86.0 b | 1.95 | <0.001 |
Asp | 86.1 b | 99.1 a | 84.2 b | 84.6 b | 1.45 | <0.001 |
Cys | 65.8 b | 99.5 a | 31.8 c | 73.8 b | 2.53 | <0.001 |
Glu | 80.4 c | 98.1 a | 90.7 b | 90.5 b | 0.95 | <0.001 |
Gly | 92.7 b | 103.6 a | 79.9 c | 89.2 b | 1.96 | <0.001 |
Pro | 110.5 | 116.9 | 96.5 | 108.8 | 6.26 | 0.076 |
Ser | 78.2 b | 97.9 a | 76.8 b | 76.9 b | 2.11 | <0.001 |
Tyr | 87.1 b | 98.8 a | 85.7 b | 75.7 c | 2.39 | <0.001 |
Item | PF | FFSB | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | 73.3 | 72.6 | 2.84 | 0.774 |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||
Arg | 90.5 | 86.1 | 1.43 | 0.006 |
His | 77.6 | 81.3 | 2.24 | 0.029 |
Ile | 79.5 | 78.2 | 2.24 | 0.253 |
Leu | 84.4 | 77.3 | 2.01 | <0.001 |
Lys | 41.9 | 79.8 | 5.16 | <0.001 |
Met | 84.2 | 80.9 | 1.96 | 0.037 |
Phe | 87.9 | 79.9 | 1.77 | <0.001 |
Thr | 63.0 | 66.4 | 3.68 | 0.203 |
Trp | 75.5 | 74.6 | 2.61 | 0.457 |
Val | 79.0 | 74.3 | 2.48 | 0.002 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||
Ala | 77.6 | 70.8 | 2.67 | 0.006 |
Asp | 73.2 | 77.8 | 2.68 | 0.032 |
Cys | 61.5 | 62.1 | 3.98 | 0.760 |
Glu | 83.9 | 84.5 | 1.85 | 0.702 |
Gly | 48.8 | 60.4 | 4.88 | 0.019 |
Pro | 73.7 | 70.1 | 5.84 | 0.670 |
Ser | 71.9 | 72.0 | 2.96 | 0.979 |
Tyr | 84.3 | 77.1 | 2.02 | <0.001 |
Item | PF | FFSB | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | 82.3 | 82.2 | 2.84 | 0.946 |
Indispensable amino acid | ||||
Arg | 93.5 | 90.6 | 1.43 | 0.034 |
His | 83.7 | 86.2 | 2.24 | 0.099 |
Ile | 86.7 | 83.2 | 2.24 | 0.013 |
Leu | 90.7 | 82.7 | 2.01 | <0.001 |
Lys | 58.7 | 85.5 | 5.16 | 0.003 |
Met | 90.3 | 85.5 | 1.96 | 0.008 |
Phe | 92.5 | 84.6 | 1.77 | <0.001 |
Thr | 77.3 | 76.2 | 3.68 | 0.654 |
Trp | 83.7 | 81.1 | 2.61 | 0.067 |
Val | 87.0 | 80.7 | 2.48 | <0.001 |
Dispensable amino acid | ||||
Ala | 86.6 | 78.9 | 2.67 | 0.003 |
Asp | 78.2 | 83.0 | 2.68 | 0.027 |
Cys | 73.1 | 71.2 | 3.98 | 0.416 |
Glu | 87.5 | 87.4 | 1.85 | 0.931 |
Gly | 61.8 | 77.2 | 4.88 | 0.005 |
Pro | 94.2 | 88.4 | 5.84 | 0.481 |
Ser | 79.4 | 79.9 | 2.96 | 0.826 |
Tyr | 89.5 | 82.4 | 2.02 | <0.001 |
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Aderibigbe, A.S.; Park, C.S.; Adebiyi, A.; Olukosi, O.A.; Adeola, O. Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs. Animals 2020, 10, 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112062
Aderibigbe AS, Park CS, Adebiyi A, Olukosi OA, Adeola O. Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs. Animals. 2020; 10(11):2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112062
Chicago/Turabian StyleAderibigbe, Ayodeji Simeon, Chan Sol Park, Adekunle Adebiyi, Oluyinka Abiona Olukosi, and Olayiwola Adeola. 2020. "Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs" Animals 10, no. 11: 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112062