A Comparative Neuro-Histological Assessment of Gluteal Skin Thickness and Cutaneous Nociceptor Distribution in Horses and Humans
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval
2.2. Horse Skin Acquisition
2.3. Human Skin Acquisition
2.4. Histology Processing and Staining
2.5. Photographic Images
2.6. Analysis of H&E Sections
2.7. Immunohistochemistry Protocol
2.8. Analysis of IHC Sections
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview
3.2. Epidermal Thickness
3.3. Dermal Thickness
3.4. Epidermal Nerve Count
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quartile | Horse Age Range | Number of Horse Sections | Human Age Range | Number of Human Sections |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3–5 | 24 | 52–61 | 12 |
2 | 8–10 | 42 | 67–77 | 18 |
3 | 11–15 | 30 | 83–87 | 18 |
4 | 16–25 | 30 | 92–94 | 12 |
Coefficient | Std. Error | d.f. | t Value | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 3.499 | 0.127 | 28.898 | 27.478 | <2 × 10-16 |
SpeciesHuman | −0.185 | 0.218 | 25.565 | −0.849 | 0.404 |
SexMale | 0.132 | 0.083 | 24.748 | 1.577 | 0.128 |
Section | 0.005 | 0.016 | 148.977 | 0.346 | 0.730 |
SpeciesHuman:SexMale | −0.228 | 0.145 | 25.346 | −1.572 | 0.128 |
SpeciesHorse:Age_quantile | −0.049 | 0.039 | 24.748 | −1.238 | 0.227 |
SpeciesHuman:Age_quantile | 0.004 | 0.056 | 24.790 | 0.076 | 0.940 |
SpeciesHorse:SideRight | 0.071 | 0.031 | 148.977 | 2.291 | 0.023 |
SpeciesHuman:SideRight | 0.032 | 0.047 | 152.012 | 0.694 | 0.489 |
Estimate | Std. Error | d.f. | t Value | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4358.564 | 343.092 | 26.694 | 12.704 | 0.000 |
SpeciesHuman | −1759.220 | 597.193 | 25.335 | −2.946 | 0.007 |
SexMale | −193.894 | 229.847 | 24.993 | −0.844 | 0.407 |
Section | −10.844 | 27.747 | 149.095 | −0.391 | 0.696 |
SpeciesHuman:SexMale | 91.974 | 397.560 | 25.280 | 0.231 | 0.819 |
SpeciesHorse:Age_quantile | −5.897 | 108.129 | 24.993 | −0.055 | 0.957 |
SpeciesHuman:Age_quantile | 124.633 | 154.417 | 25.013 | 0.807 | 0.427 |
SpeciesHorse:SideRight | −428.025 | 54.606 | 149.095 | −7.838 | 0.000 |
SpeciesHuman:SideRight | −113.599 | 83.199 | 150.535 | −1.365 | 0.174 |
Estimate | Std. Error | d.f. | t Value | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 2.727 | 0.468 | 24.627 | 5.829 | 0.000 |
SpeciesHuman | 0.041 | 0.806 | 24.215 | 0.051 | 0.960 |
SexMale | 0.238 | 0.312 | 23.887 | 0.764 | 0.453 |
Section2 | 0.081 | 0.076 | 142.990 | 1.072 | 0.286 |
Section3 | 0.080 | 0.076 | 142.990 | 1.057 | 0.292 |
SpeciesHuman:SexMale | −0.254 | 0.534 | 24.160 | −0.476 | 0.638 |
SpeciesHorse:Age_quantile | 0.049 | 0.150 | 23.887 | 0.329 | 0.745 |
SpeciesHuman:Age_quantile | 0.063 | 0.206 | 23.907 | 0.303 | 0.765 |
SpeciesHorse:SideRight | 0.150 | 0.075 | 142.990 | 1.993 | 0.048 |
SpeciesHuman:SideRight | −0.148 | 0.112 | 144.384 | −1.331 | 0.185 |
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Tong, L.; Stewart, M.; Johnson, I.; Appleyard, R.; Wilson, B.; James, O.; Johnson, C.; McGreevy, P. A Comparative Neuro-Histological Assessment of Gluteal Skin Thickness and Cutaneous Nociceptor Distribution in Horses and Humans. Animals 2020, 10, 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112094
Tong L, Stewart M, Johnson I, Appleyard R, Wilson B, James O, Johnson C, McGreevy P. A Comparative Neuro-Histological Assessment of Gluteal Skin Thickness and Cutaneous Nociceptor Distribution in Horses and Humans. Animals. 2020; 10(11):2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112094
Chicago/Turabian StyleTong, Lydia, Melinda Stewart, Ian Johnson, Richard Appleyard, Bethany Wilson, Olivia James, Craig Johnson, and Paul McGreevy. 2020. "A Comparative Neuro-Histological Assessment of Gluteal Skin Thickness and Cutaneous Nociceptor Distribution in Horses and Humans" Animals 10, no. 11: 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112094
APA StyleTong, L., Stewart, M., Johnson, I., Appleyard, R., Wilson, B., James, O., Johnson, C., & McGreevy, P. (2020). A Comparative Neuro-Histological Assessment of Gluteal Skin Thickness and Cutaneous Nociceptor Distribution in Horses and Humans. Animals, 10(11), 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112094