Prospective Feasibility and Revalidation of the Equine Acute Abdominal Pain Scale (EAAPS) in Clinical Cases of Colic in Horses
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Questionnaires
2.3. Validation
2.4. Feasibility
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Missing Data
3.2. Population Characteristics of Participants
3.3. Horse Population
3.4. Clinical Information
3.5. Validation Tests
3.6. Feasibility
3.6.1. First Time-Users
3.6.2. Learning Based on Experience
3.6.3. Exceptions
3.6.4. Open-Answer Optional Question
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pain Severity | Behaviours | Score |
---|---|---|
Mild | No Overt Pain Behaviours | 0 |
Flank Watching Flehman or Lip Curling | 1 | |
Sternal Recumbency Stretching Restlessness | 2 | |
Kicking Abdomen Pawing | 3 | |
Attempting to Lie Down or Crouching Lateral Recumbency | 4 | |
Severe | Rolling | 5 |
Parameter | Category | Israel No. (%) | United Kingdom No. (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age of participants | <25 years | 0 (0) | 9 (35) |
26–29 years | 1 (11) | 8 (31) | |
30–35 years | 1 (11) | 5 (19) | |
>36 | 0 (0) | 4 (15) | |
Missing data | 7/9 (78) | 0 (0) | |
Total | 2/9 (22%) | 26/26 (100) | |
Position of participants | Student | 5 (56) | NA |
Veterinarian | 2 (22) | NA | |
Technician | 2 (22) | NA | |
Total | 9/9 (100) | 0/25 (0) | |
Form completion | EAAPS & VAS | 18 (95) | 108 (50) |
VAS | 1 (5) | 68 (31) | |
EAAPS | 0 (0) | 39 (18) | |
neither | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | |
Total | 19/19 (100) | 218/218 (100) |
Variable | Category | Israel (n = 13 *) | United Kingdom (n = 218) | Total (n = 231) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Breed | Cob/Welsh | 0 (0) | 52 (24) | 52 (28) |
Warmblood | 0 (0) | 39 (18) | 39 (21) | |
Thoroughbred | 0 (0) | 23 (11) | 23 (13) | |
Arab/Arab crosses | 6 (46) | 9 (4) | 15 (8) | |
Pony and Miniature | 0 (0) | 12 (5) | 12 (7) | |
Others | 6 (46) | 37 (17) | 43 (23) | |
Missing | 1 (8%) | 46 (21%) | 47 (20%) | |
Age | 1–5 years | 5 (38.5) | 29 (13) | 34 (15) |
6–10 years | 5 (38.5) | 76 (35) | 81 (35) | |
11–15 years | 0 (0) | 40 (18) | 40 (17) | |
>16 years | 2 (15) | 68 (31) | 70 (30) | |
Missing | 1 (8%) | 5 (2%) | 6 (3%) | |
Sex | Gelding | 1 (8) | 129 (59) | 130 (56) |
Female | 6 (46) | 75 (34) | 81 (35) | |
Female pregnant | 3 (23) | 5 (2) | 8 (3) | |
Stallion | 2 (15) | 5 (2) | 7 (3) | |
Unknown | 1 (8) | 4 (2) | 5 (2) |
Parameter | AUC | 95% CI | Cut-Off Value | LR + | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality | |||||
EAAPS | 0.65 | 0.54–0.76 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 0.002 |
VAS | 0.82 | 0.74–0.90 | 75.5 | 12.8 | <0.001 |
Surgical Treatment | |||||
EAAPS | 0.69 | 0.60–0.78 | 3.5 | 3.3 | <0.001 |
VAS | 0.73 | 0.65–0.82 | 66.5 | 3.4 | <0.001 |
Quickness | |||||
Location | Very Quick | Quick | Within Reasonable Time | Slow | Very Slow |
Israel | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
UK | 8 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Total | 9 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
Ease-of-Use | |||||
Location | Very Easy | Easy | Not Easy/Not Difficult | Difficult | Very Difficult |
Israel | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
UK | 4 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
Total | 5 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 0 |
Quickness a | |||||
Age Group (Years) | Very Quick | Quick | Reasonable Time | Slow | Very Slow |
≥ 35 (n = 4) | 4/4 (100%) | ||||
30-34 (n = 4) | 3/4 (75%) | 1/4 (25%) | |||
26-29 (n = 7) | 1/7 (14%) | 5/7 (71%) | 1 (14%) | ||
≤ 25 (n = 7) | 0 (0%) | 5/7 (71%) | 1 (14%) | 1 (14%) | |
Ease-of-Use b | |||||
Age Group (Years) | Very Easy | Easy | Not Easy/Not Difficult | Difficult | Very Difficult |
≥ 35 (n = 4) | 2/4 (50%) | 1/4 (25%) | 1/4 (25%) | ||
30-34 (n = 4) | 1/4 (25%) | 1/4 (25%) | 1/4 (25%) | 1/4 (25%) | |
26-29 (n = 7) | 1/7 (14%) | 5/7 (71%) | 1/7 (14%) | ||
≤ 25 (n = 7) | 0 (0%) | 1/7 (14%) | 3/7 (43%) | 3/7 (43%) |
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Maskato, Y.; Dugdale, A.H.A.; Singer, E.R.; Kelmer, G.; Sutton, G.A. Prospective Feasibility and Revalidation of the Equine Acute Abdominal Pain Scale (EAAPS) in Clinical Cases of Colic in Horses. Animals 2020, 10, 2242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122242
Maskato Y, Dugdale AHA, Singer ER, Kelmer G, Sutton GA. Prospective Feasibility and Revalidation of the Equine Acute Abdominal Pain Scale (EAAPS) in Clinical Cases of Colic in Horses. Animals. 2020; 10(12):2242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122242
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaskato, Yamit, Alexandra H. A. Dugdale, Ellen R. Singer, Gal Kelmer, and Gila A. Sutton. 2020. "Prospective Feasibility and Revalidation of the Equine Acute Abdominal Pain Scale (EAAPS) in Clinical Cases of Colic in Horses" Animals 10, no. 12: 2242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122242