Effect of Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy on Blood Characteristics and Milk Composition of Ewes
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experiment Design
2.2. Sampling Procedure and Measurement
2.2.1. Dietary Chemical Analyses
2.2.2. Serum Parameters
2.2.3. Milk Composition
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Serum Variables from Gestation to Parturition
3.1.1. Folate and Hcy
3.1.2. IGF-I and GH
3.1.3. Immunoglobulin
3.2. Milk Components
3.2.1. Folate, IgG and Lactoferrin Concentrations
3.2.2. Colostrum and Normal Milk Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Formula of Concentrate | TMR Nutrient Levels | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EG | LG | Nutrients | EG | LG | |
Corn | 53.00 | 50.00 | Dry matter | 92.35 | 90.96 |
Soybean meal | 9.70 | 22.50 | Crude protein | 9.60 | 10.00 |
Rapeseed meal | 12.00 | 7.00 | Ether extract | 3.51 | 4.52 |
Wheat bran | 15.70 | 11.50 | Ash | 11.19 | 8.85 |
Limestone | 1.00 | 1.00 | Neutral detergent fiber | 49.19 | 34.15 |
CaHPO4 | 0.60 | 0.60 | Acid detergent fiber | 29.98 | 24.86 |
NaHCO3 | 1.30 | 1.30 | Metabolizable energy 2) | 1.93 | 2.15 |
NaCl | 0.80 | 0.40 | Calcium | 0.54 | 0.56 |
Vitamin E | 0.40 | 0.10 | Phosphorus | 0.37 | 0.26 |
Soybean oil | 0.30 | 0.40 | |||
Premix 1) | 5.00 | 5.00 | |||
De-mold agent | 0.20 | 0.20 | |||
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Item | Time | LZ | D | SEM | P-Values | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(d) | TW | TR | CON | F16 | F32 | LZ | D | I × | L | Q | ||
Folate (ng/ml) | 1 | 18.11 | 18.67 | 14.51 c | 18.09 b | 22.57 a | 0.63 | 0.325 | <0.001 | 0.889 | <0.001 | 0.378 |
30 | 17.19 | 17.23 | 13.35 c | 17.24 b | 21.04 a | 0.58 | 0.923 | <0.001 | 0.896 | <0.001 | 0.895 | |
90 | 14.7 | 13.87 | 10.88 c | 14.86 b | 17.11 a | 0.46 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.91 | <0.001 | 0.019 | |
140 | 17.44 | 17.97 | 14.25 c | 18.52 b | 20.35 a | 0.5 | 0.241 | <0.001 | 0.967 | <0.001 | 0.006 | |
P | 18.7 | 19.35 | 15.70 c | 19.90 b | 21.48 a | 0.48 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.984 | <0.001 | 0.017 | |
Hcy (μmol/L) | 30 | 6.98 | 7.04 | 8.48 a | 6.24 b | 6.31 b | 0.24 | 0.857 | <0.001 | 0.746 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
90 | 7.48 | 7.96 | 9.12 a | 7.13 b | 6.91 b | 0.23 | 0.171 | <0.001 | 0.855 | <0.001 | 0.018 | |
140 | 6.88 | 7.03 | 7.91 a | 6.61 b | 6.34 b | 0.16 | 0.555 | <0.001 | 0.986 | <0.001 | 0.048 | |
P | 8.04 | 8.22 | 9.89 a | 7.46 b | 7.04 b | 0.27 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.972 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
Item | Time | LZ | D | SEM | P-Values | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(d) | TW | TR | CON | F16 | F32 | LZ | D | I × | L | Q | ||
IGF-I | 30 | 242.59 | 248.17 | 241.25 | 252.52 | 242.37 | 4.64 | 0.592 | 0.619 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.328 |
90 | 263.55 | 273.01 | 252.68 b | 276.12 a | 275.99 a | 3 | 0.053 | <0.001 | 0.611 | 0.001 | 0.023 | |
140 | 246.7 | 256.96 | 237.17 | 258.23 | 260.09 | 4.25 | 0.225 | 0.076 | 0.897 | 0.023 | 0.215 | |
P | 265.57 | 272.84 | 255.93 b | 278.24 a | 273.43 a | 3.55 | 0.284 | 0.035 | 0.54 | 0.046 | 0.058 | |
GH | 30 | 10.41 | 10.33 | 10.39 | 10.2 | 10.53 | 0.22 | 0.876 | 0.846 | 0.924 | 0.571 | 0.691 |
90 | 12.12 | 12.46 | 11.82 | 12.4 | 12.66 | 0.17 | 0.324 | 0.151 | 0.493 | 0.035 | 0.56 | |
140 | 12.12 | 12.29 | 11.97 | 12.44 | 12.21 | 0.2 | 0.673 | 0.655 | 0.304 | 0.44 | 0.307 | |
P | 13.19 | 13.52 | 12.57 | 13.98 | 13.51 | 0.23 | 0.482 | 0.061 | 0.843 | 0.092 | 0.044 |
Item | Groups | Time (d) | SEM | P-Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 | 90 | 140 | P | T | L | Q | |||
IGF-I | TW-CON | 239.09 | 250.93 | 233.4 | 257.83 | 5.45 | 0.414 | 0.447 | 0.571 |
TW-F16 | 247.34 | 271.3 | 250.51 | 271.66 | 4.48 | 0.082 | 0.168 | 0.865 | |
TW-F32 | 241.33 | 268.41 | 256.2 | 267.2 | 4.83 | 0.175 | 0.127 | 0.391 | |
TR-CON | 243.4 | 254.42 | 240.94 | 254.02 | 5.87 | 0.83 | 0.758 | 0.938 | |
TR-F16 | 257.70 b | 281.04 a | 265.94 ab | 284.83 a | 3.76 | 0.034 | 0.043 | 0.737 | |
TR-F32 | 243.39 b | 283.57 a | 263.98 ab | 279.66 a | 4.83 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.111 | |
GH | TW-CON | 10.54 | 11.45 | 11.51 | 12.43 | 0.27 | 0.109 | 0.02 | 0.977 |
TW-F16 | 10.12 c | 12.15 b | 12.28 b | 13.66 a | 0.33 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.447 | |
TW-F32 | 10.57 b | 12.76 a | 12.56 a | 13.49 a | 0.32 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.199 | |
TR-CON | 10.22 b | 12.19 a | 12.42 a | 12.71 a | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.132 | |
TR-F16 | 10.28 c | 12.65 b | 12.59 b | 14.31 a | 0.37 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.54 | |
TR-F32 | 10.49 b | 12.55 a | 11.86 ab | 13.53 a | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.744 |
Item | Time | LZ | D | SEM | P-Values | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(d) | TW | TR | CON | F16 | F32 | LZ | D | I × | L | Q | ||
IgG | 30 | 10.95 | 11 | 11.01 | 11.3 | 10.61 | 0.22 | 0.91 | 0.442 | 0.526 | 0.597 | 0.192 |
90 | 11.94 | 11.91 | 12.16 | 11.9 | 11.71 | 0.21 | 0.944 | 0.74 | 0.897 | 0.422 | 0.944 | |
140 | 11.74 | 12.25 | 10.42 b | 12.68 a | 12.88 a | 0.28 | 0.237 | 0.002 | 0.219 | <0.001 | 0.033 | |
P | 13.46 | 14.48 | 12.20 b | 14.98 a | 14.73 a | 0.32 | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.303 | 0.001 | 0.006 | |
IgM | 30 | 1.61 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 1.64 | 0.03 | 0.524 | 0.524 | 0.925 | 0.394 | 0.532 |
90 | 1.58 | 1.6 | 1.56 | 1.59 | 1.64 | 0.03 | 0.696 | 0.46 | 0.457 | 0.25 | 0.843 | |
140 | 1.63 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.62 | 1.64 | 0.03 | 0.917 | 0.963 | 0.979 | 0.919 | 0.762 | |
P | 1.73 | 1.77 | 1.62 b | 1.83 a | 1.80 a | 0.03 | 0.459 | 0.023 | 0.517 | 0.025 | 0.058 | |
IgA | 30 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.849 | 0.689 | 0.845 | 0.543 | 0.594 |
90 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.01 | 0.988 | 0.345 | 0.964 | 0.323 | 0.229 | |
140 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.856 | 0.087 | 0.879 | 0.035 | 0.337 | |
P | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.41 b | 0.44 a | 0.44 a | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.049 | 0.95 | 0.015 | 0.225 |
Item | Groups | Time (d) | SEM | P-Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 | 90 | 140 | P | T | L | Q | |||
IgG | TW-CON | 10.67 | 12.13 | 10.67 | 12.22 | 0.3 | 0.089 | 0.217 | 0.934 |
TW-F16 | 11.62 b | 11.83 b | 12.4 b | 14.26 a | 0.32 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.11 | |
TW-F32 | 10.55 b | 11.88 b | 12.14 b | 13.92 a | 0.37 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.691 | |
TR-CON | 11.35 | 12.2 | 10.18 | 12.17 | 0.35 | 0.156 | 0.876 | 0.388 | |
TR-F16 | 10.98 c | 11.98 bc | 12.96 b | 15.71 a | 0.45 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.105 | |
TR-F32 | 10.66 c | 11.55 c | 13.62 b | 15.55 a | 0.48 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.345 | |
IgM | TW-CON | 1.6 | 1.59 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 0.03 | 0.893 | 0.522 | 0.995 |
TW-F16 | 1.6 | 1.54 | 1.61 | 1.77 | 0.04 | 0.143 | 0.073 | 0.131 | |
TW-F32 | 1.65 | 1.62 | 1.63 | 1.77 | 0.04 | 0.626 | 0.378 | 0.382 | |
TR-CON | 1.55 | 1.52 | 1.64 | 1.6 | 0.03 | 0.691 | 0.455 | 0.937 | |
TR-F16 | 1.53 b | 1.64 b | 1.63 b | 1.89 a | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.268 | |
TR-F32 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.64 | 1.83 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.046 | 0.185 | |
IgA | TW-CON | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.687 | 0.338 | 0.912 |
TW-F16 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.838 | 0.837 | 0.566 | |
TW-F32 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.688 | 0.826 | 0.986 | |
TR-CON | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.691 | 0.455 | 0.937 | |
TR-F16 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.843 | 0.526 | 0.849 | |
TR-F32 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.769 | 0.787 | 0.668 |
Items | Time | LZ | D | SEM | P-Values | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TW | TR | CON | F16 | F32 | LZ | D | I × | L | Q | |||
Fat (%) | C | 12.06 | 11.92 | 11.47 | 12.15 | 12.24 | 0.27 | 0.645 | 0.570 | 0.978 | 0.287 | 0.609 |
15 d | 5.27 | 5.48 | 4.89 | 5.52 | 5.70 | 0.19 | 0.671 | 0.218 | 0.968 | 0.076 | 0.569 | |
Protein (%) | C | 13.46 | 13.23 | 12.68 b | 13.72 a | 13.64 a | 0.16 | 0.497 | 0.046 | 0.865 | 0.031 | 0.096 |
15 d | 5.59 | 5.47 | 5.26 | 5.66 | 5.67 | 0.10 | 0.496 | 0.098 | 0.845 | 0.042 | 0.242 | |
Lactose (%) | C | 3.15 | 3.27 | 3.16 | 3.21 | 3.26 | 0.12 | 0.678 | 0.963 | 0.836 | 0.578 | 0.869 |
15 d | 5.67 | 5.52 | 5.49 | 5.69 | 5.61 | 0.04 | 0.053 | 0.110 | 0.792 | 0.240 | 0.096 | |
BUN (mg/dL) | C | 4.81 | 4.74 | 4.91 | 4.71 | 4.71 | 0.38 | 0.693 | 0.619 | 0.955 | 0.313 | 0.512 |
15 d | 5.84 | 5.88 | 6.16 | 5.64 | 5.79 | 0.16 | 0.911 | 0.468 | 0.874 | 0.231 | 0.274 |
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Wang, B.; Li, Z.; Li, H.; Luo, H.; Blair, H.T.; Jian, L.; Diao, Z. Effect of Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy on Blood Characteristics and Milk Composition of Ewes. Animals 2020, 10, 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030433
Wang B, Li Z, Li H, Luo H, Blair HT, Jian L, Diao Z. Effect of Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy on Blood Characteristics and Milk Composition of Ewes. Animals. 2020; 10(3):433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030433
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Bo, Zhen Li, Heqiong Li, Hailing Luo, Hugh T. Blair, Luyang Jian, and Zhicheng Diao. 2020. "Effect of Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy on Blood Characteristics and Milk Composition of Ewes" Animals 10, no. 3: 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030433