The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Physiological Characteristics of the Equine Endometrium
2.1. Endometrial Histology and Influencing Factors
2.2. Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors during the Estrous Cycle
2.3. Expression of Glandular Secretory Proteins
2.4. Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins
2.5. Resident Immune Cells
3. Innate Immune Defenses
4. The Endometrial Biopsy as Diagnostic Tool
5. Endometrial Diseases
5.1. Equine Endometrosis
5.1.1. Diagnostic Features of Endometrosis
5.1.2. Molecular Characteristics of Endometrosis
5.1.3. The Pathogenesis of Endometrosis—Still to be Revealed
5.2. Endometritis—Subclassification and Disease Susceptibility
5.2.1. Suppurative Endometritis
5.2.2. Nonsuppurative Endometritis
5.2.3. Endometritis Eosinophilica
5.2.4. Granulomatous Endometritis
5.2.5. Cytology as Diagnostic Tool for Endometritis
5.2.6. The Susceptible Mare
5.3. Endometrial Maldifferentiation During the Breeding Season
5.3.1. Glandular Inactivity During the Breeding Season
5.3.2. Irregular Glandular Differentiation During the Breeding Season
5.3.3. Unequal Glandular Differentiation During the Breeding Season
5.4. Angiopathies
5.4.1. Angiosis—Diagnostic Features
5.4.2. Angiosis—Influence of Age and Parity
5.5. Endometrial Cancer: A Rare Disease in Mares
6. Discussion
6.1. Different Equine Endometrial Diseases: A Common Cause for Subfertility?
6.2. Molecular Features of Equine Endometrial Pathophysiology—an Important Research Aspect
6.2.1. Biomarkers for Equine Endometrial Health and Disease
6.2.2. Molecular Research to Improve Treatment
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease Entities | Subgroups |
---|---|
Endometrosis |
|
Endometritis |
|
Maldifferentiation during the breeding season |
|
Angiosis |
|
Neoplasia |
|
Category | Microscopic Findings and Additional Factors | Estimated Foaling Rate * |
---|---|---|
I | No significant alterations | >80–90% |
IIa | Mild endometritis OR Mild endometrosis OR Mild lymphatic lacunae OR Partial endometrial atrophy during the late breeding season | 50–80% |
IIb | Moderate endometritis OR Moderate endometrosis OR Moderate lymphatic lacunae OR Barrenness ≥2 years OR Combined presence of two category IIa findings | 10–50% |
III | Marked endometritis OR Marked endometrosis OR Marked lymphatic lacunae OR Deep endometrial atrophy during the breeding season OR Combined presence of ≥3 category IIa or ≥2 category IIb or III findings | <10% |
Molecule | Cell(s)/Structure | Normal and Altered Functions |
---|---|---|
Estrogen Receptor | E, S | Hormonal Responsiveness |
Progesterone Receptor | E, S | Hormonal Responsiveness |
Vimentin | E, S | Cellular Differentiation |
Desmin | S | Cellular Differentiation |
Smooth muscle actin | S | Cellular Differentiation |
Calponin | E, S | Cellular Differentiation |
Laminin | BM | Interaction GE/S |
Uteroglobin | E | Secretory activity |
Uterocalin | E | Secretory activity |
Uteroferrin | E | Secretory activity |
Calbindin | E | Secretory activity |
β-Defensin | E | Immune defense |
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase | E | Immune defense |
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Schöniger, S.; Schoon, H.-A. The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses. Animals 2020, 10, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040625
Schöniger S, Schoon H-A. The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses. Animals. 2020; 10(4):625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040625
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchöniger, Sandra, and Heinz-Adolf Schoon. 2020. "The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses" Animals 10, no. 4: 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040625