1. Introduction
The use of feed additives such as antibiotics, hormones, and chemicals to maximize ruminant animal performance [
1], is common practice worldwide, with the aim of achieving better livestock health and cost-efficient livestock production [
2]. However, this approach has become less socially acceptable recently, mostly due to the increasing risks at the quality and safety of animal food. Indeed such practices have now been restricted, while reducing antibiotics and searching for nutritive antibiotic alternatives have been deeply encouraged to focus on the use of native plants in animal agriculture in the European Union [
3].
Functional plants as phytogenic additives in the ruminant feeds are a promising alternative to antibiotics [
4]. Herbage grown in harsh environments, including desert environments, severe cold, and high altitudes, has abundant functional components related to secondary physiological metabolism. The use of functional plants as dietary addition is becoming more widely accepted in animal agriculture [
5], as our understanding of their history and efficacy has increased. In particular, there is a long history and extensive knowledge of functional plants in certain parts of Asia. Functional herbs contain functional substances, enhance the disease resistance of livestock, and increase nutrient absorption, thus improving livestock growth and production [
6]. Also, this strategy takes advantage of the low toxicity of herb-based supplements, the avoidance of drug resistance to antibiotics, and a reduction in active ingredient residue in livestock products such as meat and milk. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of natural plant addition on feed intake, immune function, rumen fermentation, and productivity of dairy, beef cattle as well as in small ruminants. One of the studies indicated that 2% herbal additives (a mixture of Astragalus root, Angelica root, and Atractylodes rhizome) increased the body weight gain of sheep [
7]. Some experiments have shown that the addition of
Fructus Ligustri Lucidi at 300 or 500 mg/kg dry matter (DM) increased DM and organic matter (OM) digestibility of sheep [
8]. Dietary addition of natural plant extracts can influence palatability, rumen microflora species, and population size of rumen microorganisms responsible for forage degradation [
2]. Regarding environment and animal health, the effect of functional herbs on methane production during rumen fermentation has been interestingly evaluated. For example, the lateral branches of
Clerodendrum phlomidis have the potential to decrease CH
4 production with no side-effect on the ruminant health and production [
9]. Saponins in some plant species were found to inhibit or suppress protozoa in the rumen and thus reduce ammonia and methane production [
10].
In this study,
Cistanche deserticola, one of the natural herbs, was chosen as a potential kind of herb additive to study its effects on nutrients intake, digestibility, and methane production of sheep. Many studies on
C. deserticola were conducted in humans [
11] and mice [
12], but hardly in ruminants.
C. deserticola, a desert plant unique to the arid regions in northwest China and Central Asia, parasitizes on roots of the host species
Haloxylon ammodendron and is a functional plant that improves bodily intestinal peristalsis, immunity, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, and liver health [
13]; no toxicity contributes to ruminant safety. The use of this plant will not cause ethical problems because
C. deserticola is a common plant in this region, and it has been planted in a large area in the world. Saccharides occupy a high proportion in
C. deserticola, among which polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and galactitol are the main bioactive compounds [
14], and there are also phenylethanoid glycoside, volatile components, iridoids, flavonoids, alkaloids in it. Galactitol is responsible for the laxative bioactivity [
15] and may affect the nutrients in the dung of ruminants. The objective of this study is to provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of natural plants addition in animal husbandry and methodological support for improving the digestion efficiency of sheep fed on fresh forage. As a complement to the existing studies regarding the medicinal benefits of
C. deserticola, this study seeks to evaluate different inclusions of
C. deserticola on nutrient digestion, energy balance, nitrogen balance, and methane production of sheep.
2. Materials and Methods
The animal sampling procedure strictly followed the rules and regulations of experimental field management protocols (file No: 2010-1 and 2010-2), which were approved by Lanzhou University. Sheep feeding trials were conducted at Linze Grassland Agriculture Station of Lanzhou University, located in the core area of the Heihe Oasis in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China (100°02′E, 39°15′N; 1390 m asl) [
16]. The climate is a temperate continental climate, with distinct seasons, long cold winters, short hot summers, rapid warming in spring, and slow cooling in autumn. The annual average temperature is approximately 7.7 °C; annual average precipitation is 118.4 mm, over 70% concentrated from May to September; evaporation is 1830.4 mm. The dominant type of agricultural system is a specialized intensive cropping production system (SICP) and an extensively integrated crop–livestock production system (EICL). In this study, fresh forage of alfalfa and tall fescue was cut at the initial flowering period, and DM tested each morning at the Linze Research Station.
C. deserticola was purchased from a herb company. The chemical composition of the fresh forage and
C. deserticola are shown in
Table 1.
2.1. Animals, Treatments, and Diets
Twenty-four 6-month-old rams with a mean BW of 27.51 ± 4.93 kg and good body condition were selected from a grazing flock at the start of the experiment period. Based on their initial body weight, the 24 sheep were allocated to each of the following four dietary treatments, and no significant difference among the average live weight of sheep existed in every treatment: (1) alfalfa-tall fescue, no addition (control, (CON), n = 6); (2) low level C. deserticola addition (2% DMI (DMI was determined pre-experimentally), CD 2%, n = 6); 3. medium level C. deserticola addition (4% DMI, CD 4%, n = 6), high-level C. deserticola addition (6% DMI, CD 6%, n = 6). Sheep in the CD 2%, CD 4%, and CD 6% groups were fed with the same basal diet of 60% alfalfa and 40% tall fescue (DM basis), which was 900 g in total, with low-level, mid-level, or high-level of C. deserticola addition, respectively. This experiment was conducted from July to August in 2018, including a 14-day pre-feeding period in penned groups and a 60-day experimental period in individual groups (including 42 days in the metabolic cages for digestion experiment and another 18 days in the respiration chambers for methane production experiment).
The DMI in each treatment was designed to supply maintenance and growth of 100 g/day live weight gain of male sheep according to tabular values listed in the CFSBC. Throughout this experimental period of 68 days, all sheep were housed in individual pens, given free access to water and salt licks, received natural light and ambient shade temperature. Coarsely chopped alfalfa and tall fescue fresh forage (5 to 10 cm length) were individually fed in the morning, noon, and night (07:00, 12:00 and 19:00), and C. deserticola powder was fed once a day (07:30) while feeding on fresh forage.
2.2. Respiration Chamber Description
Four direct open-circuit chambers were used with one sheep housed per chamber (LZUCKY-SDXCLZ-002, Institute of Grassland and Livestock Production System, Lanzhou University). Methane production, carbon dioxide production, and oxygen consumption for each were tested as the two-day average values for each sheep. The respiration chambers were made with plexiglass walls fitted in steel frames and mounted in a plastic leaky floor with two tubes for gas inlet and outlet, with a total volume of 4.86 m3 (1.98 m length, 1.46 m width, and 1.68 m height). Each individual chamber was equipped with a gas flow meter (GFM57, Aalborg, Orangeburg, New York, USA) to measure the flow rate, and the flow rates were set at a rate of 6 to 10 Nm3/h, which gave the concentrations of CO2, CH4, and O2 in the air samples within the appropriate measurement range recommended by the manufacturer. The concentration of CO2, CH4 and O2 for air from the atmosphere and exhaust gas leaving each chamber through a single port channel were determined by a gas analyzer (VA-3000, Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) on a rotational basis in 21 min internals. The gas was filtered through three filtrating apparatuses to ensure particles of number no more than 5 μm entered the gas analyzer. The analyzer was calibrated using standard gases (O2-free N2 and a known quantity of CO2, CH4, and O2, Dalian Special Gases Co., Ltd., Liaoning, China) at the start of the respiration measurement. The CO2, CH4, and O2 concentrations in air samples were determined in the absolute range of 0–2000 μL/L, 0–200 μL/L, and 0–25% (v/v), respectively. The recovery rates were in the range of 100 ± 2%. The production of CO2 and CH4 and the consumption of O2 were calculated by multiplying the flow rates by differences in the concentrations in the air samples before into and out of each individual chamber. The methane production was expressed as the average methane production (g/d) from 2-day measurements divided by metabolic body weight and dry matter intake.
2.3. Energy Balance
ME intake was calculated as the difference between GEI, excreted fecal energy (FE), and the sum of urinary energy (UE) and methane energy (CH
4E) output. CH
4 energy output per day was calculated by multiplying the volume of CH
4 production per day by 0.03954 MJ/L. HP (kJ/day) was calculated with the following equation [
17]:
HP (kJ/day) = 16.18 × O2 consumption (L/day) + 5.02 × CO2 production (L/day) − 2.17 × CH4 production (L/day) − 5.99 × N excretion (urinary N, g/day)
2.4. Sample Collection and Procedures
The body weight for each sheep was determined before the adaption period, before the sheep was moved in, and after the sheep was removed from the metabolism crate and chamber. Daily feed intake was measured by weighing both offered and residual forage daily throughout the experimental period. On day 15 of the experimental period, after the fourteen-day acclimation period for the feed we offered to the sheep, one sheep was randomly selected from each treatment group and moved to one of the four metabolic cages for seven days. On day 22, these sheep were moved to the individual groups in the shed, and another four sheep, randomly selected from the remaining sheep of the four treatment groups, entered the metabolic cages for digestion experiment. At the beginning and end of the period housed in metabolic cages, all sheep were weighed. Representative samples of alfalfa and tall fescue were collected at intervals throughout the digestion and metabolism experiment and composited for analysis of their feed quality indicator values expressed on a DM basis (
Table 1). Digestion experiments were conducted on all 24 sheep for 6 days, following 1-day to adapt to the metabolism crate. During this period, total feces and urine were collected to determine daily urinary and fecal gross energy loss. Excreted urine (ca. 100 mL) was collected from each animal into a bottle with 50 mL of 10% (
v/v) H
2SO
4 to maintain urine pH < pH 3, and stored at −20 °C in the refrigerator for further analysis. When all 24 sheep had finished 7 days of measurement, sheep were housed in a respiration chamber for methane production test. One sheep was randomly selected from each treatment group and moved to one of the four metabolic chambers for three days. Four indirect open-circuit respiration chambers were used with one sheep housed per chamber. CH
4 production for each sheep was shown as the two-day average values for individual sheep. On day 4 in the period of metabolic chambers, these sheep were moved to the individual groups in the shed, and another four sheep randomly selected from the remaining sheep of the four treatment groups.
Rumen fluid samples were taken from each sheep 2 h post fresh forage and C. deserticola supply in the morning, using stomach tubing on the last day of feeding period. These collected samples were immediately measured for pH using a portable pH meter (PHBJ-260, Shanghai INESA Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Then the samples were strained through two layers of muslin and stored at −20 °C for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis. The VFA concentrations were determined by a gas chromatograph (Trace1300, Thermo Ltd., Rodano Milan, Italy) fitted with a polar capillary column.
2.5. Chemical Analysis
After the digestion experiment measurement, the stored feces samples of sheep were thawed at room temperature for 12 h, and the feces samples from each sheep over the six days were then mixed. A part of the thawed feces sample was used for the N measurement, according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists method 976.05 [
18]. CP concentration was calculated by multiplying nitrogen concentration by 6.25. The rest of the feces samples and collected fresh forage samples were dried in a forced ventilation oven at 65 °C for 48 h and then ground to pass through a 1-mm screen. A portion of each dried feces sample and mixed forage sample was used to measure ash by combustion using a muffle furnace at 550 °C for 5 h until all carbon was removed (method 942.05 [
19]). Another part of each dried sample was finely ground to measure gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The GE was measured with an automatic calorimeter (6400, PARR Instrument Company, Moline, IL, USA). The NDF and ADF concentrations were analyzed sequentially in a fiber analyzer (ANKOM 2000, ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY, USA) following the protocol described by Van Soest [
19]. The urine samples from each sheep over the six days were also thawed at room temperature for 12 hours and then mixed before determining the urinary energy (UE) by using an automatic calorimeter (see above), and N was measured by using the Kjeldahl procedure described previously by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [
18]. For the UE measurement, 4 mL fully mixed urine was taken and absorbed by a filter paper of a known weight, and then the total energy of the filter paper with a urine sample was measured by an automatic calorimeter after it became dry at room temperature. There were another five samples using the same filter paper (known weight) to be measured for energy content, which was used to calculate the UE. The measurement of CP, NDF, ADF, and GE of the forage samples also followed the methods and instruments above. The ether extract of the forage samples was analyzed by using an extractor (ANKOM XT15, ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY, USA).
2.6. Statistical Analysis
The effect of the treatment on the response variables was tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were separated using Tukey’s test at p = 0.05. Quadratic regression analysis in each part of the results was used to determine the relationship between the level of inclusion of C. deserticola and the response variables. The social science statistical software package version 20.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA statistical software package company) was used to analyze the data.
5. Conclusions
Results from this study show that addition diets of male sheep with C. deserticola at 2% and 4% of DMI addition level resulted in improved nutrient intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, also improved digestive nitrogen, digestive energy, and metabolism energy, suggesting that, under the experimental conditions of this study, C. deserticola has advantages to improve feed conversion efficiency, with no negative side-effect on rumen health. The optimum inclusion level was calculated by the quadratic equations between the inclusion of C. deserticola and response variables was about 30 g/d (3.3% of DMI addition level) on average. However, the addition of C. deserticola did not decrease the methane production of sheep. Further research and long-term studies are needed to validate the dietary effects of C. deserticola, and to confirm whether its bioactive components are transferred to the animal food products such as milk and meat. Following the trend of developing and utilizing new healthy natural functional plants, rationally utilizing C. deserticola is likely to be an effective way to improve the dietary efficiency of sheep fed on fresh forage.