Methane Emissions and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Dairy Cows Fed Linseed, Measured at the Group Level in a Naturally Ventilated Housing and Individually in Respiration Chambers
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.1.1. Measurements at the Group Level in the Loose-Housing System
2.1.2. Measurements at the Individual Level in the Tied-Housing System and in the Respiration Chambers
2.2. Feeding
2.3. Measurement of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
2.3.1. Emission Measurement in the Experimental Dairy Loose-Housing System (Group Level)
2.3.2. Emission Measurement in the Respiration Chambers (Individual Level)
2.4. Performance and Feeding Behavior (Individual Measurements in the Loose and Tied-Housing Systems)
2.5. Sampling
2.6. Laboratory Analyses
2.7. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Individual Performance, Digestibility, and Feeding Behavior (Loose- and Tied-Housing Systems)
3.2. Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Group and Individual Level)
3.3. Milk Composition (Group and Individual Level)
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Linseed on the Intake Pattern and Milk Yield in the Loose- and Tied-Housing Systems
4.2. Effects of Linseed on Digestibility as well as Nitrogen and Energy Utilization (Individual Level)
4.3. Effects of Linseed on Methane Emission at Group and Individual Level
4.4. Effects of Linseed Supplementation on Milk Composition at the Group and Individual Levels
4.5. Comparability of Methane Emission Measurements in an Experimental Housing System and Individually in Respiration Chambers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | Control | Linseed | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
N balance (g·day–1) | |||
Intake | 526 ± 49 | 552 ± 59 | 0.419 |
Feces | 176 ± 26 | 167 ± 26 | 0.561 |
Urine | 167 ± 67 | 214 ± 68 | 0.250 |
Milk | 125 ± 33 | 156 ± 53 | 0.246 |
Body | 58 ± 66 | 15 ± 59 | 0.255 |
N balance (g·kg−1) | |||
Feces | 334 ± 29 | 303 ± 45 | 0.187 |
Urine | 312 ± 97 | 383 ± 89 | 0.211 |
Milk | 235 ± 45 | 277 ± 65 | 0.222 |
Body | 119 ± 122 | 36 ± 105 | 0.234 |
N utilization | |||
Apparent N digestibility (%) | 64.6 ± 11.2 | 68.7 ± 7.2 | 0.468 |
N intake (g·kg−1 ECM1) | 20.5 ± 4.1 | 19.1 ± 4.0 | 0.551 |
Feces N (g·kg−1 ECM) | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 0.266 |
Manure N traits | |||
Manure N (g·kg−1 of N intake) | 250 ± 16 | 232 ± 26 | 0.174 |
Urinary N (g·kg−1 of manure N) | 473 ± 73 | 554 ± 78 | 0.094 |
Item | Control | Linseed | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Energy intake (MJ/day) | |||
Gross energy (GE) | 357.8 ± 30.8 | 361.9 ± 37.6 | 0.840 |
Digestible energy | 273.5 ± 14.3 | 276.5 ± 33.8 | 0.843 |
Metabolizable energy (ME) | 236.5 ± 14.8 | 241.5 ± 34.3 | 0.750 |
Energy loss (MJ/day) | |||
Feces | 84.3 ± 17.1 | 85.3 ± 13.3 | 0.906 |
Urine | 9.9 ± 0.9 | 10.4 ± 3.1 | 0.717 |
Methane | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 24.7 ± 1.9 | 0.063 |
Heat | 119.1 ± 10.7 | 118.2 ± 6.2 | 0.858 |
Total energy loss | 240.4 ± 25.5 | 238.6 ± 16.7 | 0.887 |
Energy retention (MJ/day) | |||
Milk | 83.1 ± 17.7 | 95.7 ± 29.2 | 0.386 |
Body | 34.3 ± 12.8 | 27.6 ± 17.1 | 0.458 |
Energy turnover (kJ·MJ−1 of GE intake) | |||
Feces | 234 ± 26 | 236 ± 34 | 0.885 |
Urine | 28 ± 4 | 29 ± 10 | 0.750 |
Methane | 76 ± 10 | 69 ± 6 | 0.131 |
Heat | 333 ± 17 | 328 ± 24 | 0.700 |
Total energy loss | 671 ± 17 | 663 ± 52 | 0.712 |
Milk | 231 ± 40 | 260 ± 54 | 0.313 |
Body | 98 ± 41 | 77 ± 47 | 0.440 |
Heat (kJ·MJ−1 of ME intake) | 503 ± 24 | 495 ± 54 | 0.743 |
Energy utilization (%) | |||
Apparent digestibility | 76.6 ± 2.6 | 76.4 ± 3.4 | 0.885 |
Metabolizability (q) | 66.2 ± 1.6 | 66.6 ± 3.7 | 0.822 |
kL1 (estimated from q) | 62.2 ± 0.4 | 62.3 ± 0.9 | 0.882 |
kL1 (direct calculation) | 57.0 ± 2.6 | 58.1 ± 2.4 | 0.493 |
Supply over estimated requirements | |||
Net energy for lactation (MJ) | 21.8 ± 12.6 | 12.5 ± 16.6 | 0.299 |
% deviation from requirements | 18.8 ± 14.1 | 10.7 ± 13.6 | 0.335 |
ME (MJ) | 32.5 ± 19.9 | 17.3 ± 26.0 | 0.282 |
% deviation from requirements | 17.3 ± 13.5 | 9.3 ± 13.0 | 0.327 |
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Mixed Part of the Diet | Supplementary Concentrates | Linseed | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component | Grass Silage | Corn Silage | Hay | Beet Pulp | Concentrate1 | Rich in Protein2 | Rich in Energy3 | Corn Flour | Product |
Dry matter (g·kg−1) | 459 | 417 | 899 | 260 | 882 | 863 | 865 | 859 | 933 |
Nutrients (g·kg−1 of dry matter) | |||||||||
Organic matter | 917 | 970 | 914 | 900 | 917 | 919 | 923 | 989 | 957 |
Crude protein | 94 | 62 | 109 | 83 | 563 | 413 | 182 | 79 | 180 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 463 | 328 | 506 | 435 | 221 | 127 | 161 | 161 | 398 |
Acid detergent fiber | 303 | 193 | 295 | 230 | 135 | 95 | 85 | 52 | 215 |
Acid detergent lignin | 37.7 | 33.8 | 37.1 | 29.2 | 50.4 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 22.1 | 103 |
Ether extract4 | 20.8 | 29.6 | 17.5 | 3.9 | 42.0 | 37.4 | 62.1 | 35.7 | 255 |
Realized DM intake (kg·day–1 per cow) | |||||||||
Loose housing (group observations)5 | |||||||||
Control | 6.38 ± 0.13 | 3.30 ± 0.07 | 2.32 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 1.55 ± 0.53 | 1.05 ± 1.72 | 2.16 ± 0.05 | - |
Linseed | 6.40 ± 0.14 | 3.31 ± 0.07 | 2.32 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 1.73 | 1.14 ± 1.39 | - | 2.19 ± 0.05 |
Tied housing (individual observations)6 | |||||||||
Control | 6.60 ± 0.80 | 3.41 ± 0.42 | 2.40 ± 0.29 | 0.97 ± 0.12 | 1.55 ± 0.19 | 1.73 | 1.14 ± 1.62 | 2.23 ± 0.27 | - |
Linseed | 6.40 ± 0.82 | 3.31 ± 0.43 | 2.33 ± 0.30 | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 1.51 ± 0.19 | 1.73 | 1.15 ± 1.67 | - | 2.19 ± 0.28 |
Housing | Loose (Group) | Tied (Individual) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | Linseed | p–Value | Control | Linseed | p–Value |
Body weight (BW, kg)1 | 681 ± 93 | 682 ± 84 | 0.971 | 756 ± 71 | 761 ± 38 | 0.883 |
Energy-corrected milk (ECM, kg·day−1)1 | 33.2 ± 7.9 | 36.3 ± 10.0 | 0.294 | 26.4 ± 5.7 | 30.5 ± 9.3 | 0.386 |
Milk fat (kg·day−1)1 | 1.40 ± 0.34 | 1.46 ± 0.51 | 0.661 | 1.08 ± 0.21 | 1.16 ± 0.38 | 0.652 |
Intake (kg·day−1)2 | ||||||
Dry matter (DMI) | 19.3 ± 0.4 | 19.5 ± 0.4 | 0.417 | 20.1 ± 1.6 | 19.6 ± 2.0 | 0.665 |
Organic matter | 17.9 ± 0.4 | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 0.754 | 18.7 ± 1.5 | 18.1 ± 1.9 | 0.564 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 6.58 ± 0.14 | 7.14 ± 0.17 | 0.002 | 6.91 ± 0.29 | 7.24 ± 0.36 | 0.108 |
Acid detergent fiber | 4.01 ± 0.09 | 4.40 ± 0.11 | 0.001 | 4.15 ± 0.16 | 4.39 ± 0.20 | 0.045 |
Efficiency | ||||||
ECM per BW (kg·100 kg−1)1 | 4.93 ± 0.12 | 5.37 ± 0.14 | 0.312 | 3.55 ± 0.97 | 4.02 ± 1.25 | 0.488 |
ECM per BW (g·kg−0.75)1 | 251 ± 59 | 273 ± 71 | 0.292 | 185 ± 48 | 211 ± 65 | 0.458 |
ECM1 per DMI2 (kg·kg−1) | 1.72 ± 0.41 | 1.86 ± 0.51 | 0.111 | 1.31 ± 0.23 | 1.53 ± 0.32 | 0.204 |
Housing | Loose (Group) | Tied (Individual) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | Linseed | p–Value | Control | Linseed | p–Value |
Eating1 | ||||||
min | 406 ± 27 | 455 ± 15 | 0.019 | 422 ± 96 | 445 ± 36 | 0.354 |
min·kg−1 DMI2 | 21.1 ± 1.64 | 23.3 ± 0.95 | 0.051 | 20.4 ± 4.9 | 22.1 ± 3.0 | 0.219 |
Chews·kg−1 DMI | 1439 ± 142 | 1598 ± 58 | 0.072 | 1386 ± 386 | 1536 ± 273 | 0.182 |
Rumination1 | ||||||
min | 466 ± 38 | 497 ± 9 | 0.170 | 411 ± 56 | 445 ± 34 | 0.078 |
min·kg−1 DMI | 24.2 ± 2.2 | 25.4 ± 0.9 | 0.275 | 19.8 ± 2.2 | 22.0 ± 1.7 | 0.008 |
Chews·kg−1 DMI | 1546 ± 146 | 1664 ± 66 | 0.162 | 1197 ± 172 | 1386 ± 188 | 0.006 |
Digestibility (%) | ||||||
Organic matter (OM) | - | - | - | 76.1 ± 2.9 | 75.9 ± 3.1 | 0.935 |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | - | - | - | 61.5 ± 6.2 | 63.2 ± 4.1 | 0.580 |
Acid detergent fiber | - | - | - | 63.2 ± 6.5 | 63.9 ± 4.2 | 0.829 |
Carbon dioxide (kg·LU−1)3,4 | 9.18 ± 0.35 | 9.20 ± 0.55 | 0.952 | 9.07 ± 1.02 | 8.54 ± 0.60 | 0.295 |
Methane yield4 | ||||||
g·kg−1 DMI | 22.3 ± 1.6 | 21.4 ± 2.1 | 0.496 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 22.9 ± 2.1 | 0.285 |
g·kg−1 digestible OM intake | - | - | - | 34.7 ± 3.6 | 32.7 ± 3.6 | 0.361 |
g·kg−1 digestible NDF intake | - | - | - | 116.3 ± 10.0 | 97.9 ± 8.4 | 0.006 |
kJ·MJ−1 gross energy intake (Ym) | 69.4 ± 5.0 | 64.1 ± 6.2 | 0.232 | 76.4 ± 9.7 | 68.6 ± 6.4 | 0.131 |
Methane emission intensity4 | ||||||
g·kg−1 ECM5 | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 0.266 | 19.2 ± 3.8 | 15.7 ± 4.4 | 0.165 |
g·LU−1;4 | 321 ± 5.1 | 301 ± 6.7 | 0.292 | 327 ± 44 | 294 ± 30 | 0.155 |
Housing | Loose (Group)1 | Tied (Individual)2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | Linseed | p–Value | Control | Linseed | p–Value |
Fat (g·kg−1 milk) | 42.9 ± 2.5 | 34.3 ± 2.6 | 0.003 | 45.6 ± 6.2 | 36.5 ± 3.1 | 0.009 |
Protein (g·kg−1 milk) | 37.7 ± 0.4 | 33.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 38.8 ± 3.5 | 33.1 ± 1.8 | 0.006 |
Lactose (g·kg−1 milk) | 47.6 ± 0.4 | 49.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 48.1 ± 0.9 | 48.7 ± 0.9 | 0.248 |
MUN (mg·100−1 mL milk) | ||||||
Enzymatic | 10.9 ± 0.5 | 13.5 ± 2.0 | 0.041 | 12.1 ± 2.0 | 15.6 ± 2.4 | 0.022 |
FTIR3 | 10.8 ± 1.0 | 10.5 ± 1.7 | 0.777 | 12.0 ± 2.1 | 12.8 ± 2.0 | 0.521 |
Fatty acids (FA; g 100 g−1 of total FA) | ||||||
C18:0 | 7.24 ± 0.07 | 8.89 ± 0.19 | <0.001 | 8.99 ± 1.64 | 11.02 ± 1.19 | 0.034 |
C18:1 trans-6, trans-8 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.56 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.67 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
C18:1 trans-9 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
C18:1 trans-10 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.55 | 0.018 |
C18:1 trans-11 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 4.39 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | 0.80 ± 0.29 | 4.37 ± 1.37 | <0.001 |
C18:1 trans-12 | 0.045 ± 0.004 | 0.105 ± 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.043 ± 0.013 | 0.097 ± 0.044 | 0.016 |
C18:1 trans-13, trans-14, cis-6, cis-8 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
C18:1 cis-9 | 16.6 ± 0.6 | 19.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 17.4 ± 2.1 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 0.002 |
C18:1 cis-10 | 0.105 ± 0.025 | 0.263 ± 0.146 | 0.076 | 0.078 ± 0.017 | 0.137 ± 0.037 | 0.005 |
C18:1 cis-11 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 1.07 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.74 ± 0.13 | 1.28 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
C18:1 cis-12 | 0.208 ± 0.010 | 0.514 ± 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.259 ± 0.035 | 0.490 ± 0.072 | <0.001 |
C18:1 cis-13 | 0.077 ± 0.002 | 0.185 ± 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.092 ± 0.025 | 0.212 ± 0.019 | <0.001 |
C18:1 cis-14, trans-16 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
C18:2 n-6 trans | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
C18:2 cis-9, trans-13, trans-8, cis-12 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 1.21 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
C18:2 cis-9, trans-12 | 0.068 ± 0.013 | 0.178 ± 0.010 | <0.001 | 0.079 ± 0.010 | 0.257 ± 0.077 | <0.001 |
C18:2 trans-11, cis-15, trans-9, cis-12 | 0.080 ± 0.013 | 1.282 ± 0.109 | <0.001 | 0.177 ± 0.075 | 1.482 ± 0.349 | <0.001 |
C18:2 n-6 cis | 1.95 ± 0.05 | 1.93 ± 0.05 | 0.599 | 2.05 ± 0.23 | 1.92 ± 0.14 | 0.278 |
C18:2 cis-9, cis-15 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.20 | <0.001 |
C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.022 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.523 |
C18:2 cis-9, cis-11 | 0.054 ± 0.003 | 0.241 ± 0.016 | <0.001 | 0.064 ± 0.014 | 0.250 ± 0.047 | <0.001 |
C18:2 trans-9, trans-11 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 0.148 ± 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.015 ± 0.007 | 0.158 ± 0.046 | <0.001 |
C18:3 n-6 | 0.062 ± 0.004 | 0.087 ± 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.065 ± 0.017 | 0.048 ± 0.022 | 0.181 |
C18:3 n-3 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 1.10 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
Σ C18 FA | 30.2 ± 0.6 | 44.4 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 33.7 ± 4.0 | 52.8 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
Σ SFA | 72.2 ± 0.7 | 60.4 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 70.8 ± 3.3 | 54.5 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
Σ MUFA | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 32.4 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 25.0 ± 2.7 | 37.6 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
Σ PUFA | 3.80 ± 0.11 | 7.24 ± 0.24 | <0.001 | 4.26 ± 0.56 | 7.97 ± 0.79 | <0.001 |
Σ n-6 FA | 2.42 ± 0.06 | 2.79 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | 2.55 ± 0.30 | 2.68 ± 0.14 | 0.368 |
Σ n-3 FA | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 1.24 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.60 ± 0.11 | 1.35 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
n-6:n-3 FA | 4.28 ± 0.08 | 2.25 ± 0.13 | <0.001 | 4.29 ± 0.34 | 1.99 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
Trait Housing System | ECM1 (kg·day−1) | Methane2 (g·day−1) | Rumination1 (min·day−1) | Eating1 (min·day−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DMI (kg·day−1)2 | ||||
Loose | 0.494 | –0.538 | –0.211 | –0.107 |
Tied | 0.777** | 0.156 | 0.610* | –0.156 |
ECM (kg·day−1)1 | ||||
Loose | –0.387 | 0.143 | 0.397 | |
Tied | 0.151 | 0.466 | 0.156 | |
Methane (g·day−1)2 | ||||
Loose | –0.322 | –0.184 | ||
Tied | 0.198 | 0.254 | ||
Rumination (min·day−1)1 | ||||
Loose | 0.828* | |||
Tied | –0.296 |
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Poteko, J.; Schrade, S.; Zeyer, K.; Mohn, J.; Zaehner, M.; Zeitz, J.O.; Kreuzer, M.; Schwarm, A. Methane Emissions and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Dairy Cows Fed Linseed, Measured at the Group Level in a Naturally Ventilated Housing and Individually in Respiration Chambers. Animals 2020, 10, 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061091
Poteko J, Schrade S, Zeyer K, Mohn J, Zaehner M, Zeitz JO, Kreuzer M, Schwarm A. Methane Emissions and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Dairy Cows Fed Linseed, Measured at the Group Level in a Naturally Ventilated Housing and Individually in Respiration Chambers. Animals. 2020; 10(6):1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061091
Chicago/Turabian StylePoteko, Jernej, Sabine Schrade, Kerstin Zeyer, Joachim Mohn, Michael Zaehner, Johanna O. Zeitz, Michael Kreuzer, and Angela Schwarm. 2020. "Methane Emissions and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Dairy Cows Fed Linseed, Measured at the Group Level in a Naturally Ventilated Housing and Individually in Respiration Chambers" Animals 10, no. 6: 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061091