Progesterone Concentrations during Canine Pregnancy
by
, , ,
Janna Hinderer
1
,
Julia Lüdeke
1,
Lisa Riege
1,
Peggy Haimerl
1,
Alexander Bartel
2,
Barbara Kohn
3,
Corinna Weber
4,
Elisabeth Müller
4 and
Sebastian P. Arlt
1,* 1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
2
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
3
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
4
Laboklin GmbH & Co KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2021, 11(12), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123369
Submission received: 22 October 2021
/
Revised: 21 November 2021
/
Accepted: 22 November 2021
/
Published: 24 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advancements in the Field of Animal Reproduction)
Simple Summary
For breeders and bitches alike, pregnancy is a challenging period. Insufficient serum progesterone concentrations have frequently been suggested to be responsible for pregnancy loss or early parturition, without any scientific evidence to support those claims. In this study, a large number of bitches was followed throughout pregnancy, and serum progesterone concentrations were determined to deduce which concentrations could be considered normal. Three blood samples were collected, one each during early, mid and late pregnancy. The results indicated that progesterone concentrations can be lower than previously described as adequate in the veterinary literature, with the bitch still exhibiting no signs of pregnancy distress and giving birth to healthy puppies at the expected time.
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are amongst the most challenging times of a bitch’s life. Most studies focusing on the endocrinological aspect of pregnancy consider only a small number of animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate progesterone (P4) concentrations in a large number of bitches during early, mid and late pregnancy. In total, 126 bitches of various breeds were recruited following a thorough clinical and gynecological examination during estrus. Blood samples were collected three times (T1–T3) during pregnancy or from non-pregnant dogs in diestrus, and P4 was measured via chemiluminescence. At T1 (11–19 days post-ovulation (dpo)), serum P4 concentrations were 30.23 ± 6.65 ng/mL and 28.45 ± 6.26 ng/mL, at T2 (23–32 dpo) they were 22.73 ± 6.27 ng/mL and 22.59 ± 5.77 ng/mL and at T3 (52–60 dpo) they were 6.68 ± 2.18 ng/mL and 3.17 ± 2.26 ng/mL, in pregnant (n = 98) and non-pregnant (n = 23) dogs respectively. The P4 concentrations differed significantly between pregnant and non-pregnant animals at the last examination (p ≤ 0.001). In the context of hypoluteoidism, the gathered data yielded interesting results. Overall, 28 out of 98 pregnant bitches showed a greater decline (>15 ng/mL) in P4 concentrations from early to mid-pregnancy, and 56 bitches showed P4 concentrations lower than deemed adequate (>20 ng/mL at T1 and T2, >5 ng/mL at T3) according to existing recommendations. Despite not being supplemented with P4, none of those animals suffered from abortion or preterm delivery. Considering that supplementation of P4 can entail considerable risks for the bitch and the puppies, more research on P4 concentration patterns, diagnosis of hypoluteoidism and treatment indications and options is indicated.
Keywords:
dog; pregnancy; progesterone; hypoluteoidism; parturition; litter size; gestation length
