Risk and Predictive Factors of Leptospirosis in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Molecular Detection Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.3. Isolation and Identification of Leptospira spp.
2.4. Risk Factors Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Molecular Detection Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
3.2. Isolation and Identification of Leptospira spp.
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Positive Leptospirosis (n = 53) | Negative Leptospirosis (n = 71) |
---|---|
Urea: 46.7 ± 51.3 mmol/L Creatinine: 326.2 ± 458.0 µmol/L | Urea: 34.0 ± 24.1 mmol/L Creatinine: 343.1 ± 339.6 µmol/L |
ALT: 154.9 ± 138.6 U/L ALP: 370.5 ± 753.3 U/L | ALT: 179.6 ± 534.5 U/L ALP: 314.7 ± 400.4 U/L |
Demographic | No. of Dogs (%) | Demographic | No. of Dogs (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years old) * Young (≤1) Adult (<1–6) Senior (≥6) | 13 (10.5%) 48 (38.7%) 63 (50.8%) | Management Indoor Outdoor | 51 (41.1%) 73 (58.9%) |
Breed * Large Medium Small | 31 (22.6%) 65 (52.4%) 28 (25.0%) | Type of household Single Multiple | 68 (54.8%) 56 (45.2%) |
Sex Male Female | 76 (61.3%) 48 (38.7%) | Rat exposure Exposed Not exposed | 78 (62.9%) 46 (37.1%) |
Vaccination status Vaccinated Non-vaccinated | 52 (41.9%) 72 (58.1%) | Clinical illness (days) Acute (≤7) Chronic (>7) | 102 (82.3%) 22 (17.7%) |
Dog ID | Sample Obtained | Identification | |
---|---|---|---|
Serotyping | MLST | ||
D2 | Urine | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae |
D19 | Blood | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae |
Urine | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae | |
D27 | Urine | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae |
D41 | Urine | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae |
D52 | Urine | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae |
D63 * | Blood | Javanica | ST 143—L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica |
D82 * | Urine | Australis | ST 51—L. interrogans serogroup Australis |
Blood | Australis | ST 51—L. interrogans serogroup Australis | |
D85 * | Urine | Bataviae | ST 50—L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae |
Factors | Pearson Chi-Square | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Adult/Young | 0.013 | 1.000 | 1.07 | 0.31–3.67 |
Senior/Young | 0.293 | 0.757 | 0.72 | 0.22–2.39 |
Senior/Adult | 1.076 | 0.336 | 0.67 | 0.31–1.43 |
Breed | ||||
Medium/Small * | 7.342 | 0.010 | 4.19 | 1.42–12.38 |
Large/Small * | 8.604 | 0.006 | 5.59 | 1.69–18.51 |
Large/Medium | 0.429 | 0.663 | 1.33 | 0.56–3.14 |
Sex | ||||
Male/Female | 0.306 | 0.710 | 0.81 | 0.39–1.69 |
Vaccination status | ||||
Vaccinated/Not vaccinated | 0.203 | 0.715 | 0.85 | 0.41–1.75 |
Management | ||||
Outdoor/Indoor | 0.087 | 0.854 | 1.12 | 0.54–2.30 |
Type of household | ||||
Multiple/Single | 0.498 | 0.585 | 0.77 | 0.38–1.58 |
Rat exposure | ||||
Exposed/Not exposed * | 8.289 | 0.005 | 3.14 | 1.42–6.95 |
Clinical illness | ||||
Acute/Chronic | 2.921 | 0.087 | 0.45 | 0.18–1.14 |
Factors | Pearson Chi-Square | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of management Outdoor/Indoor * | 4.742 | 0.045 | 4.31 | 1.10–16.93 |
Factors | Simple Logistic Regression | Multiple Logistic Regression a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | b | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Sex (Male/Female) | −0.125 | 0.88 (0.40, 1.95) | 0.757 | |||
Vaccination (Vaccinated/Not vaccinated) | −0.133 | 0.88 (0.40, 1.92) | 0.740 | |||
Type of Management (Outdoor/Indoor) | −0.002 | 1.00 (0.45, 2.24) | 0.996 | |||
Household (Multiple/Single) | −0.455 | 0.64 (0.29, 1.39) | 0.254 | |||
Rat exposure (Exposed/Not exposed) | 1.347 | 3.85 (1.60, 9.23) | 0.003 | 1.258 | 3.52 (1.54, 8.03) | 0.003 |
Clinical illness (Acute/Chronic) | 1.002 | 2.72 (0.99, 7.52) | 0.053 | 1.015 | 2.76 (1.01, 7.51) | 0.047 |
Factors | Pearson Chi-Square | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotic | ||||
Given/None given | 5.150 | 0.036 | 4.72 | 1.16–19.26 |
Clinical illness | ||||
Chronic/Acute * | 5.300 | 0.040 | 8.87 | 1.05–74.95 |
Vaccination | ||||
Vaccinated/Not vaccinated | 0.006 | 1.000 | 1.05 | 0.33–3.36 |
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Abdul Rahman, M.S.; Khor, K.H.; Khairani-Bejo, S.; Lau, S.F.; Mazlan, M.; Roslan, M.A. Risk and Predictive Factors of Leptospirosis in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia. Animals 2021, 11, 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123405
Abdul Rahman MS, Khor KH, Khairani-Bejo S, Lau SF, Mazlan M, Roslan MA. Risk and Predictive Factors of Leptospirosis in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia. Animals. 2021; 11(12):3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123405
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Rahman, Mohammad Sabri, Kuan Hua Khor, Siti Khairani-Bejo, Seng Fong Lau, Mazlina Mazlan, and Mohd Azri Roslan. 2021. "Risk and Predictive Factors of Leptospirosis in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia" Animals 11, no. 12: 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123405
APA StyleAbdul Rahman, M. S., Khor, K. H., Khairani-Bejo, S., Lau, S. F., Mazlan, M., & Roslan, M. A. (2021). Risk and Predictive Factors of Leptospirosis in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia. Animals, 11(12), 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123405