The Clinical Effect of Xylazine Premedication in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Castration under General Anaesthesia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Protocols
2.3. Evaluation of Sedation
2.4. Surgery
2.5. Recovery
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Heart Rate (HR) and Respiratory Rate (RR)
3.2. Sedation (SDX) and Ataxia (ATX)
3.3. Schemes Modified from Singh
3.4. Arterial Blood Pressure
3.5. Pain Scale
4. Discussion
4.1. Aims
4.2. Interpretation of Clinical Observations
4.3. Physiological and Hemodynamic Considerations
4.4. Interpretation of Pain Scale Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Score | Interpretation |
---|---|---|
Ataxia | 0 | Absent (no ataxia) |
1 | Mild (knuckling of the fetlocks) | |
2 | Moderate (crossing of the hindlimbs) | |
3 | Strong (attempting or assuming recumbency) | |
Sedation | 0 | No sedation (alert, eyes open) |
1 | Mild (drooping of eyelids) | |
2 | Moderate (lowering the head, minimum to moderate reaction to noise nociception and handling) | |
3 | Deep (no reaction to noise nociception and handling) | |
Depth of anaesthesia | 0 | No sedation (alert, eyes open) |
1 | Mild (drooping of eyelids, mild sensory and motor deficit) | |
2 | Moderate (drooping of eyelids, moderate sensory and motor deficit) | |
3 | Strong (drooping of eyelids, severe sensory and motor deficit) | |
Muscle relaxation | 1 | Absent (tightly closed jaws and stiff limbs, no flaccidity of the abdomen) |
2 | Mild (moderate resistance to the opening of the jaws and bending of the limbs, no flaccidity of the abdomen) | |
3 | Moderate (mild resistance to the opening of the jaws and bending of the limbs, no flaccidity of the abdomen) | |
4 | Excellent (no resistance to the opening of the jaws, bending of the limbs and flaccid abdomen) | |
Response to acoustic stimulus | 1 | Strong reaction |
2 | Weak response | |
3 | Occasional response | |
4 | No response | |
Response to tactile stimulus | 1 | No analgesia (strong reaction) |
2 | Mild analgesia (weak response) | |
3 | Moderate analgesia (occasional response) | |
4 | Excellent analgesia (no response) | |
Eyelid reflex | 0 | - Completely abolished reflexes |
1 | + Mildly abolished reflexes | |
2 | ++ Moderately abolished reflexes | |
3 | +++ Slightly intact reflexes | |
4 | ++++ Intact reflexes | |
Salivation | 0 | - Absent |
1 | + Mild | |
2 | ++ Moderate | |
3 | +++ Extensive | |
4 | ++++ Profuse | |
Regurgitation/tympanism/ | No | Absent |
reflux | Yes | Present |
Group 1 | Group 2 | |
---|---|---|
Age (months) | 3.15 ± 1.31 | 2.3 ± 0.25 |
Body weight (kg) | 176.50 ± 43.64 | 102.20 ± 20.31 |
Catheterisation time (minutes) | 13.00 ± 11.17 | 5.01 ± 4.50 |
Catheterisation attempts (number) | 3.14 ± 1.17 | 1.5 ± 1.26 |
Intubation (minutes) | 7.40 ± 11.36 | 2.50 ± 2.01 |
#ET tube | 16.20 ± 2.39 | 12.80 ± 1.03 |
Top-ups of xylazine | 0.80 ± 0.63 | 0.90 ± 0.99 |
Top-ups of ketamine | 1.20 ± 2.57 | 0.30 ± 0.48 |
Group | Anaesthesia Time (min) | Surgical Time (min) | Time to Extubation (min) | Time to Sternal Recumbency (min) | Time to Quadrupedal Station (min) | Recovery Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 39.2 ± 13.56 | 23.60 ± 11.68 | 7.20 ± 5.95 | 8.40 ± 6.07 | 18.70 ± 20.87 | 1.7 ± 1.05 |
Group 2 | 30.9 ± 5.52 | 15.50 ± 3.77 | 10.80 ± 4.31 | 13.00 ± 4.64 | 20.90 ± 15.63 | 2.30 ± 1.25 |
Group | T0 | T2 | T5 | T10 | T15 | T20 | T25 | T30 | T35 | T40 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 1 | 68.40 ± 19.17 | 47.60 ± 5.39 | 42.80 ± 5.67 | 40.00 ± 5.65 | 36.60 ± 6.39 | 36.00 ± 5.65 | 36.20 ± 6.89 | 34.00 ± 4.32 a | 33.2 ± 3.42 a | 38.5 ± 7.09 ab |
2 | 57.40 ± 7.77 | 44.80 ± 5.20 | 42.80 ± 4.23 | 40.00 ± 4.71 | 36.00 ± 9.61 | 38.40 ± 8.26 | 42.20 ± 8.56 | 41.70 ± 5.88 a | 41.00 ± 5.45 a | 48.00 ± 15.52 ab | |
RR | 1 | 22.2 ± 6.49 | 23 ± 8.80 | 19.7 ± 5.61 | 17.1 ± 3.95 | 14.3 ± 6.21 | 16.6 ± 9.66 | 14.5 ± 12.60 | 13.1 ± 5.80 | 15.3 ± 11.05 | 9.00 ± 4.29 |
2 | 19.80 ± 4.26 | 19.40 ± 5.66 | 19.60 ± 5.56 | 17.60 ± 6.58 | 15.80 ± 5.99 | 16.60 ± 4.00 | 14.70 ± 5.85 | 16.00 ± 12.50 | 18.30 ± 15.76 | 15.00 ± 10.98 |
Group | T0 | T2 | T5 | T10 | T15 | T20 | T25 | T30 | T35 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth of anaesthesia | 1 | 0 c | 0.40 ± 0.51 | 0.90 ± 0.56 ab | 1.60 ± 0.69 a | 2.50 ± 0.52 | 2.60 ± 0.51 | 2.70 ± 0.48 | 2.90 ± 0.31 | 2.80 ± 0.42 |
2 | 0.40 ± 0.51 c | 0.70 ± 0.67 | 1.50 ± 0.70 ab | 2.00 ± 0.94 a | 2.30 ± 0.94 | 2.50 ± 0.97 | 2.50 ± 0.97 | 2.60 ± 0.96 | 2.60 ± 0.96 | |
Salivation | 1 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | 0.60 ± 0.5 bc | 0.80 ± 0.63 ab | 0.90 ± 0.56 b | 0.80 ± 0.42 | 0.70 ± 0.48 | 0.70 ± 0.48 | 0.70 ± 0.48 |
2 | 0.3 ± 0.48 | 0.70 ± 0.48 | 1.1 ± 0.73 bc | 1.50 ± 0.70 ab | 1.50 ± 0.70 b | 1.20 ± 0.78 | 1.10 ± 0.87 | 1.00 ± 0.81 | 1.00 ± 0.81 | |
Sedation acoustic stimulus | 1 | 1 | 1.10 ± 0.31 | 1.40 ± 0.69 ab | 2.80 ± 1.13 a | 3.60 ± 0.84 | 3.30 ± 0.94 | 3.50 ± 1.08 | 3.50 ± 0.97 | 3.70 ± 0.67 |
2 | 1 | 1.60 ± 0.69 | 2.30 ± 0.82 ab | 3.50 ± 0.70 a | 3.70 ± 0.67 | 3.60 ± 0.69 | 3.70 ± 0.67 | 3.70 ± 0.67 | 3.70 ± 0.67 | |
Sedation tactile stimulus | 1 | 1 | 1.20 ± 0.42 | 1.60 ± 0.84 bc | 2.90 ± 0.99 | 3.50 ± 0.84 | 3.30 ± 0.94 | 3.60 ± 0.84 | 3.80 ± 0.63 | 3.80 ± 0.42 |
2 | 1 | 1.50 ± 0.52 | 2.20 ± 0.78 bc | 3.20 ± 0.91 | 3.60 ± 0.69 | 3.60 ± 0.69 | 3.60 ± 0.69 | 3.60 ± 0.69 | 3.60 ± 0.69 | |
Muscle relaxation | 1 | 1 | 1 ab | 1.50 ± 0.52 bc | 2.10 ± 0.87 a | 2.60 ± 0.96 | 2.80 ± 1.03 | 3.40 ± 0.69 | 3.50 ± 0.52 | 3.40 ± 0.69 |
2 | 1 | 1.50 ± 0.52 ab | 2.00 ± 0.81 bc | 2.90 ± 0.99 a | 3.20 ± 0.91 | 3.20 ± 0.91 | 3.30 ± 0.94 | 3.50 ± 0.97 | 3.50 ± 0.97 | |
Eyelid reflex | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3.50 ± 0.52 | 1.70 ± 1.15 | 1.60 ± 1.17 | 1.40 ± 0.84 | 1.30 ± 0.82 | 1.40 ± 0.84 | 1.50 ± 0.97 |
2 | 4 | 3.7 ± 0.48 | 3.30 ± 0.82 | 2.00 ± 1.33 | 1.70 ± 1.56 | 1.90 ± 1.44 | 1.80 ± 1.54 | 1.40 ± 1.42 | 1.50 ± 1.43 | |
Reflux/regurgitation/ tympanism | 1 | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
2 | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | 1 buffalo | NO |
Groups | 30” | 60” | 90” | P6H | 12H | 24H | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Score | 0.90 ± 1.59 | 0.90 ± 1.66 | 0.40 ± 0.69 | 0.40 ± 1.26 | 0 | 0 |
Attitude | A (1/10) G (1/10) | F (2/10) G (1/10) | F (2/10) | H (1/10) | - | - | |
Group 2 | Score | 1.4 ± 2.06 | 1.5 ± 2.27 | 0.6 ± 1.07 | 0.1 ± 0.31 | 0.6 ± 1.89 | 0.2 ± 0.63 |
Attitude | F (2/10) H (1/10) | F (2/10) H (1/10) | F (1/10) | - | E (1/10) | - |
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Guerri, G.; Cerasoli, I.; Straticò, P.; De Amicis, I.; Giangaspero, B.; Varasano, V.; Paolini, A.; Carluccio, A.; Petrizzi, L. The Clinical Effect of Xylazine Premedication in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Castration under General Anaesthesia. Animals 2021, 11, 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123433
Guerri G, Cerasoli I, Straticò P, De Amicis I, Giangaspero B, Varasano V, Paolini A, Carluccio A, Petrizzi L. The Clinical Effect of Xylazine Premedication in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Castration under General Anaesthesia. Animals. 2021; 11(12):3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123433
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerri, Giulia, Ilaria Cerasoli, Paola Straticò, Ippolito De Amicis, Brunella Giangaspero, Vincenzo Varasano, Andrea Paolini, Augusto Carluccio, and Lucio Petrizzi. 2021. "The Clinical Effect of Xylazine Premedication in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Castration under General Anaesthesia" Animals 11, no. 12: 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123433