1. Introduction
Modern animal husbandry encounters several stressors that are associated with a negative impact on physiological, immunological, and biological properties of the animal’s gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, post-weaning diarrhea is one of the major problems for weaning piglets which leads to growth retardation, reduced food intake, and gastrointestinal disorders [
1]. As well, post-weaning mortality could cause major economic losses to the livestock industries [
2]. To tackle this situation, antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) were routinely used by pig producers in order to promote growth performance and to prevent bacterial disease at the weaning stage [
3]. However, over the past few decades, AGP use in livestock feedstuff has become the hottest debate among many researchers due to its bacterial resistance. Consequently, the European Union (EU) has restricted the use of antibiotics in the livestock industry since 2003 [
4]. Several publications have pointed out a close link between antibiotic usage and bacterial resistance which cause health issues to consumers [
5]. These anxieties have prompted scientists to discover a suitable alternative that could boost the quality of meat as well as livestock production. As a result, organic acids, probiotics, yeast, and phytogenic additives have been explored as an excellent source of substitutes for AGP in monogastric animal nutrition [
4], since these additives have been adequately used in previous studies. However, the literature on the combined use of blood plasma and yeast supplements is still scarce, thus we used it as a potential alternative to suit swine diet.
Blood plasma (BP) is considered as one of the protein sources in animal feed [
6], which is rich in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium. BP contains high levels of immunoglobulins (IgG) and plays a vital role in regulating the immune system and provides exclusive health benefits to young piglets. Furthermore, it is an excellent source of essential amino acids and superior to other protein sources such as skimmed milk [
7]. Previously, Hansen et al. [
8] and Kats et al. [
9] pointed out that Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) protein had improved the growth performance of piglets at week 1. Similarly, Jiang et al. [
10] reported that the application of SDPP in post-weaning piglets’ diet had positively improved the growth performance, and feed intake. Additionally, Bosi et al. [
11] stated that SDPP had enhanced the growth performance of piglet’s by reducing intestinal inflammation.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (
S.
cerevisiae) yeast is rich in inositol (growth promoter), glutamic acid (contain palatability), and nucleotides [
12]. The nucleotides in yeast are considered an essential nutrient for the rapid growth of animals. The use of
S.
cerevisiae yeast as a livestock feed additive has increased, especially after the ban on AGP [
13]. Previously, Heugten et al. [
14] and Trckova et al. [
15] pointed out that a diet supplemented with live yeast (
S.
cerevisiae) had positively enhanced the performance of weaning piglets by stimulating their immune system. In addition, Desnoyers et al. [
16] stated that S.
cerevisiae has increased the feed efficiency and improve milk production as well milk quality in ruminants. The study of Shen et al. [
17] showed that the administration of
S.
cerevisiae had significantly increased the villus heights and IgA levels in the ileum that aid in reducing postweaning diarrhea. The study of Pereira et al. [
18] noted that the combined use of BP and yeast extract had reduced the negative impact on piglet performance during the post-weaning phase (0 to 21 days of age). Though BP in the animal diet provides high digestible and high-quality protein, due to its high cost, it has been used mainly in piglet diets. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine whether a gradually reduced concentration of BP and yeast diet could enable the piglets to achieve similar growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, fecal score, and blood profile when fed basal diets.
3. Results
Dietary inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation had significantly improved the BW of piglets (
p = 0.043; 0.032) during phases 2 and 3, respectively. Though TRT2 group piglets had a significant improvement in ADG at the end of each phase and overall (
p = 0.047, 0.025, 0.018, and 0.012, respectively), the ADFI and FCR remain unaffected throughout the trial (
Table 2). At the end of the experiment, TRT2 group piglets showed a significant improvement in nutrient digestibility of DM (
p = 0.012) and N (
p = 0.040) and no effects on E (
Table 3). The fecal microbiota of TRT2 group piglets showed a tendency to increase the number of
lactobacillus counts at phases 1 and 2 (
p = 0.079, 0.061) as well as a significant improvement at phase 3 (
p = 0.021); the
E. coli remains unaffected (
Table 4). Though TRT2 group piglets tended to decrease NH
3 (
p = 0.074) and H
2S (
p = 0.069) at phase 2, and significantly reduced NH
3 (
p = 0.038) and H
2S (
p = 0.046) at phase 3, they did not show any significant difference on acetaldehyde, CO
2, propionate, acetic acid, and propionic acid throughout the trial (
Table 5). Furthermore, there were no significant effects observed on the fecal score of weaning pigs fed BP with yeast supplementation during the entire trial (
Table 6). A significant result was observed on piglets’ IgG (
p = 0.008) with the inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation during phase 1. Moreover, there were no significant effects observed on WBC, RBC, Lymphocyte, IgM, IgA, BUN, and creatinine during the overall experiment (
Table 7).
4. Discussion
Earlier research proved BP as a high- quality protein source in the diet of weaned piglets. The study of Pan et al. [
23] pointed out that SDPP in the diet of weaning pigs had reduced intestinal disorders. In addition, Carlson et al. [
24] stated that the inclusion of yeast supplement had increased the feed intake and daily gain of weaning piglets. In addition, Lawrence et al. [
25] reported that plasma protein has a high impact on biological and immunoglobulin on nursing piglets. Apart from this, many researchers noticed that the presence of glutamic acid and peptides in yeast extracts (palatable properties), had improved the feed intake of pigs [
26,
27,
28]. However, in the present study, we used BP with yeast in the diet of weaning pigs to enhance their growth performance. Expectedly, the results agreed with our hypothesis that BP with yeast supplementation had significantly improved BW and ADG of weaning piglets. This result was consistent with Pereira et al. [
18] who observed that graded levels of yeast extract with blood plasma supplementation had significantly increased BW of weaned pigs. In 2015, Li et al. [
29] noted that the growth performance of BW and ADG were significantly enhanced in piglets fed yeast extract supplementation. Similarly, Waititu et al. [
30] stated that yeast extract with enzyme supplementation had improved ADG. The above-mentioned finding was consistent with our result that BP with yeast supplement had significantly increased ADG. However, a dietary supplement with BP and yeast had failed to show a positive effect on ADFI and this finding was correlated with a study by Costa [
12] who observed that the inclusion of 6% yeast extract in the diet of piglets produced no significant variation in feed intake. Similarly, Rigueira [
31], also found no significant changes in the feed intake of piglets (7 to 28 days of age) fed plasma with yeast extract (2.0% BP; 2.0% 2) supplement. As we all know, yeast extract could enhance the appetite [
24] and the glutamic acid presence in yeast plays a vital role in increasing the palatability of diet and protecting the intestinal mucosa [
32]. In this sense, we assume that no effects on ADFI might be due to the presence of low glutamic level in the experimental diet.
In 2012, Pereria et al. [
18] demonstrate that yeast-derived protein had enriched with free amino acids, short-chain peptides, nucleotides, and inositol that could be proposed as a superior protein ingredient and act as an alternative to SDPP to suit weaning pigs’ diet. Previously, Yu [
32] stated that yeast culture supplementation has not influenced the nutrient digestibility of DM in livestock animals. However, in the current study piglets fed BP with yeast supplementation had significantly improved the nutrient digestibility of DM and N and this finding agreed with the study of Shi and Kim [
33] who reported that the ATTD of DM and N were significantly improved in weaner pigs fed with yeast extract culture supplementation. In 2017, Waititu et al. [
34] stated that yeast extract or yeast products with blood plasma supplementation had positively affected intestinal morphology and functions, thereby increasing the digestibility of nutrients. To further support this data the study of Li and Kim [
35] demonstrate that the inclusion of yeast extract supplementation had enhanced nutrient digestibility. We assume that the increased digestibility might be due to the presence of IgG in BP which helps to improve the immune system as well the presence of acetogens and antimicrobial compounds in yeast that prevent the pathogens and enhance the nutrient utilization.
The intestinal microbes play a major role in detoxifying harmful substances, preventing colonization of pathogens, recycling the nitrogen, and synthesis microorganisms of vitamins [
36]. An increased
Lactobacillus population in piglets could positively affect the host gut, whereas increased
E. coli counts lead to negative impact [
37]. Previously, Price et al. [
38] suggested that
S. cerevisiae fermentation product has altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbial community, thereby increasing the population of
Lactobacillus weaning pigs. The current study reveals that the
Lactobacillus population was significantly increased, whereas
E. coli counts remain unaffected with the inclusion of blood plasma and yeast supplementation; this finding was constant with Liu et al. [
39] who stated that the pigs fed with nucleotides derived from
S. cerevisiae had improved fecal
Lactobacillus counts and reduced
E. coli counts, which can contribute to enhanced metabolism of nutrients and intestinal morphology in pigs [
34]. However, Sweeney et al. [
40] stated that weaning pigs fed
S. cerevisiae related β-glucans supplementation had significantly reduced
E. coli counts without affecting
Lactobacillus counts. Ammonium and hydrogen sulfide (harmful) are considered as the major hazardous gases of pig manure which lead to environmental pollution [
41]. The elevated level of NH
3 and H
2S not only cause a health risk to animals but also to the workers [
42]. Such hazardous gases as NH
3 and H
2S were significantly reduced in piglets fed blood plasma with yeast supplementation and this result correlated with Li and Kim [
35], who observed a decreased H
2S emissions in growing pigs fed dietary supplementation with
S. cerevisiae cell-wall product. Fecal gas emission content is generally associated with nutrient digestibility and increased digestion which may lower substrates of microbial fermentation in the large intestine and resulted in reduced gas emission content [
43]. In this sense, we assume that increased nutrient absorption in the intestine of piglets might be the reason for the reduced gas emission.
Few studies have been demonstrated that the combination of blood plasma with yeast diet has a beneficial effect on immune function. In 2016, studies of Waititu et al. [
30] showed that serum urea nitrogen in weaning pig has been increased by hydrolyzed yeast diet. Furthermore, Zhang et al. [
44] reported that the yeast extract had decreased the blood cholesterol content in pigs. While searching for the literature on the influence of yeast in animals blood profiles, we found that dietary supplementation with yeast could enhance the growth hormones (GH) and the immune response [
42]. In 2009, Kim et al. [
45] stated that the dietary inclusion of 1.0% of yeast in rats’ diet has enhanced its GH level. Creatinine levels in the blood may increase during periods of diarrhea as a result of the accumulation of protein deposits from the muscle to compensate for poor nutrient intake and/or absorption [
46]. However, in this study the serum creatinine levels remain unaffected and thereby no effects were observed on the fecal score. Moreover, in this study, except for IgG, there were no significant effects observed (among treatments) on blood profiles of piglets fed BP with yeast supplement. To date, the influence of supplementing BP with yeast in weaning piglets, obtain a high effect on blood profile has not been reported. Thus, comparisons could not be made with other studies.
The feed cost of blood plasma is very expensive and, due to this high cost, in this study piglets were allowed to consume blood plasma with yeast supplement from 0–21 days, whereas from 22–42 days they were fed only basal diet. As expected, piglets being fed blood plasma with yeast supplement over 0–21 days had a great impact on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and gas emission at the end of the experiment. However, the fecal score and blood profile were not adversely affected. Based on the positive impact we concluded that the combined use of BP with yeast supplementation could be an excellent alternative to antibiotics growth promoters in the livestock industry.