Radiogrametric Analysis of the Thoracic Limb Phalanges in Arabian Horses and Thoroughbred Horses
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Depth of the basis (DBP), greatest depth.
- Depth of the caput (DCP), greatest depth.
- Length of the middle (LMP).
- Index 1 (DBP × DCP/LMP).
- Depth of the basis (DBM), greatest depth.
- Depth of the caput (DCM), greatest depth.
- Length of the middle (LMM).
- Index 1 (DBM × DCM/LMM).
- Length of the dorsal surface (LD), length of facies parietalis of the distal phalanx.
- Greatest solear length (GSL), distance between the crena marginis solearis and the processus palmaris.
- Length of the caudo-dorsal surface (FA), distance between the processus extensorius of the distal phalanx and the processus palmaris.
- Index 3 (LD × GSL/FA).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Demircioglu, I.; Yilmaz, B.; Gündemir, O.; Dayan, M.O. A three-dimensional pelvimetric assessment on pelvic cavity of gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) by computed tomography. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 2021, 50, 43–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dos Reis, D.D.A.L.; Gouveia, B.L.R.; Júnior, J.C.R.; de Assis Neto, A.C. Comparative assessment of anatomical details of thoracic limb bones of a horse to that of models produced via scanning and 3D printing. 3D Print. Med. 2019, 5, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Ketelsen, D.; Schrödl, F.; Knickenberg, I.; Heckemann, R.A.; Hothorn, T.; Neuhuber, W.L.; Grunewald, M. Modes of information delivery in radiologic anatomy education: Impact on student performance. Acad. Radiol. 2007, 14, 93–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oheida, A.H.; Alrtib, A.M.; Shalgum, A.A.; Shemla, M.E.; Marzok, M.A.; Davies, H. Radiographic Comparison of Carpal Morphometry in Thoroughbred and Standardbred Race horses. AJVS 2019, 61, 74–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burd, M.A.; Craig, J.J.; Craig, M.F. The palmar metric: A novel radiographic assessment of the equine distal phalanx. Open Vet. J. 2014, 4, 78–81. [Google Scholar]
- Holroyd, K.; Dixon, J.J.; Mair, T.; Bolas, N.; Bolt, D.M.; David, F.; Weller, R. Variation in foot conformation in lame horses with different foot lesions. Vet. J. 2013, 195, 361–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, A.; Agass, R.; Vaux, S.; Sherlock, E.; Day, P.; Pfau, T.; Weller, R. Foot placement of the equine forelimb: Relationship between foot conformation, foot placement and movement asymmetry. Equine Vet. J. 2016, 48, 90–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Page, B.T.; Hagen, T.L. Breakover of the hoof and its effect on stuctures and forces within the foot. JEVS 2002, 22, 258–264. [Google Scholar]
- Faramarzi, B.; McMicking, H.; Halland, S.; Kaneps, A.; Dobson, H. Incidence of palmar process fractures of the distal phalanx and association with front hoof conformation in foals. Equine Vet. J. 2015, 47, 675–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pauwels, F.E.; Rogers, C.W.; Wharton, H.; Flemming, H.; Wightman, P.F.; Green, R.W. Radiographic measurements of hoof balance are significantly influenced by a horse’s stance. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 2017, 58, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kummer, M.; Geyer, H.; Imboden, I.; Auer, J.; Lischer, C. The effect of hoof trimming on radiographic measurements of the front feet of normal Warmblood horses. Vet. J. 2006, 172, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linford, R.L.; O’Brien, T.R.; Trout, D.R. Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and digital soft tissues of sound thoroughbred racehorses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993, 54, 38–51. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Dyson, S.J.; Tranquille, C.A.; Collins, S.N.; Parkin, T.D.H.; Murray, R.C. An investigation of the relationships between angles and shapes of the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx. Equine Vet. J. 2011, 43, 295–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalka, K.; Pollard, D.; Dyson, S.J. An investigation of the shape of the hoof capsule in hindlimbs, its relationship with the orientation of the distal phalanx and comparison with forelimb hoof capsule conformation. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alrtib, A.M.; Philip, C.J.; Abdunnabi, A.H.; Davies, H.M.S. Morphometrical study of bony elements of the forelimb fetlock joints in horses. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 2013, 42, 9–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, N.D.; Carter, G.K.; Watkins, J.P.; O’Conor, M.S. Association of racing performance with specific abnormal radiographic findings in Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Texas. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2006, 26, 462–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brooks, S.A.; Makvandi-Nejad, S.; Chu, E.; Allen, J.J.; Streeter, C.; Gu, E.; McCleery, B.; Murphy, B.A.; Bellone, R.; Sutter, N.B. Morphological variation in the horse: Defining complex traits of body size and shape. Anim Genet. 2010, 41, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dzierzęcka, M.; Komosa, M. Variability of the proximal phalanx in warmblood and coldblood horses-morphological and structural analyses. Belg. J. Zool. 2013, 143, 119–130. [Google Scholar]
- Mullard, J.; Ireland, J.; Dyson, S. Radiographic assessment of the ratio of the hoof wall distal phalanx distance to palmar length of the distal phalanx in 415 front feet of 279 horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020, 32, 2–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, T.M.; McIlwraith, C.W. Longitudinal development of equine conformation from weanling to age 3 years in the Thoroughbred. Equine Vet. J. 2004, 36, 563–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sadek, M.H.; Al-Abound, A.Z.; Ashmawy, A.A. Factor analysis of body meaurements in Arabian horses. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2006, 123, 369–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cruz, C.D.; Thomason, J.J.; Faramarzi, B.; Bignell, W.W.; Sears, W.; Dobson, H.; Konyer, N.B. Changes in shape of the Standardbred distal phalanx and hoof capsule in response to exercise. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2006, 3, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turek, B.; Wajler, C.; Klos, Z.; Szara, T. Mechanical properties of the cortical bone of the proximal phalanx in horses. Med. Weter. 2013, 69, 120–123. [Google Scholar]
- Forsten, A. The horses (genus Equus) from the Middle Pleistocene of Steinheim, Germany. Deinsea 1999, 6, 147–154. [Google Scholar]
- Onar, V.; Küçük, S.; Galbadrakh, E.; Taşağıl, A.; Erdikmen, D.O. Horse sacrifice in the Üzüür Gyalan Tomb: An Altai Mountain Kurgan. Art-Sanat Dergisi 2019, 11, 275–298. [Google Scholar]
- Carew, R.M.; Viner, M.D.; Conlogue, G.; Márquez-Grant, N.; Beckett, S. Accuracy of computed radiography in osteometry: A comparison of digital imaging techniques and the effect of magnification. J. Forensic Radiol. Imaging 2019, 19, 100348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Thoroughbred Horses | Arabian Horses | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurement | Sex | n | Mean (cm) | SD | p Value | n | Mean (cm) | SD | p Value |
DBP | Female | 15 | 4.72 | 0.25 | 0.84 | 7 | 4.30 | 0.14 | 0.06 |
Male | 35 | 4.74 | 0.30 | 18 | 4.46 | 0.20 | |||
DCP | Female | 15 | 2.99 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 7 | 2.73 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
Male | 35 | 3.09 | 0.19 | 18 | 2.83 | 0.13 | |||
LMP | Female | 15 | 9.82 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 7 | 8.99 | 0.39 | 0.03 |
Male | 35 | 9.93 | 0.47 | 18 | 9.39 | 0.37 | |||
Index 1 | Female | 15 | 1.44 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 7 | 1.31 | 0.06 | 0.37 |
Male | 35 | 1.48 | 0.15 | 18 | 1.35 | 0.11 | |||
DBM | Female | 15 | 4.02 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 7 | 3.69 | 0.25 | 0.11 |
Male | 35 | 4.11 | 0.24 | 18 | 3.85 | 0.19 | |||
DCM | Female | 15 | 3.02 | 0.22 | 0.53 | 7 | 2.70 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
Male | 35 | 3.06 | 0.21 | 18 | 2.86 | 0.20 | |||
LMM | Female | 15 | 4.28 | 0.18 | 0.71 | 7 | 3.67 | 0.32 | 0.00 |
Male | 35 | 4.31 | 0.29 | 18 | 4.00 | 0.19 | |||
Index 2 | Female | 15 | 2.85 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 7 | 2.73 | 0.17 | 0.75 |
Male | 35 | 2.93 | 0.26 | 18 | 2.76 | 0.28 | |||
LD | Female | 15 | 6.81 | 0.37 | 0.77 | 7 | 6.40 | 0.41 | 0.03 |
Male | 35 | 6.84 | 0.44 | 18 | 6.92 | 0.52 | |||
GSL | Female | 15 | 8.63 | 0.59 | 0.96 | 7 | 8.45 | 0.53 | 0.06 |
Male | 35 | 8.62 | 0.62 | 18 | 8.92 | 0.52 | |||
FA | Female | 15 | 6.28 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 7 | 6.19 | 0.48 | 0.38 |
Male | 35 | 6.16 | 0.43 | 18 | 6.37 | 0.43 | |||
Index 3 | Female | 15 | 9.36 | 0.81 | 0.38 | 7 | 8.75 | 0.51 | 0.02 |
Male | 35 | 9.61 | 0.93 | 18 | 9.72 | 0.98 |
Measurement | Breed | n | Mean (cm) | SD | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBP | Arabian | 25 | 4.42 | 0.19 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 4.73 | 0.28 | ||
DCP | Arabian | 25 | 2.80 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 3.06 | 0.18 | ||
LMP | Arabian | 25 | 9.28 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 9.89 | 0.45 | ||
Index 1 | Arabian | 25 | 1.34 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 1.47 | 0.14 | ||
DBM | Arabian | 25 | 3.81 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 4.09 | 0.23 | ||
DCM | Arabian | 25 | 2.82 | 0.19 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 3.05 | 0.21 | ||
LMM | Arabian | 25 | 3.90 | 0.27 | 0.00 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 4.30 | 0.26 | ||
Index 2 | Arabian | 25 | 2.75 | 0.25 | 0.03 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 2.90 | 0.27 | ||
LD | Arabian | 25 | 6.78 | 0.54 | 0.63 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 6.83 | 0.42 | ||
GSL | Arabian | 25 | 8.79 | 0.55 | 0.26 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 8.63 | 0.60 | ||
FA | Arabian | 25 | 6.32 | 0.44 | 0.24 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 6.19 | 0.41 | ||
Index 3 | Arabian | 25 | 9.45 | 0.97 | 0.71 |
Thoroughbred | 50 | 9.53 | 0.90 |
V | UC | Constant | SM | WL | E | GC | CC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal phalanx | DBP | −16.584 | 25.973 | −0.614 | 0.524 | −0.909 | A: 1.330 T: −0.665 | 0.690 |
DCP | −28.755 | −0.801 | ||||||
LMP | 6.686 | −0.705 | ||||||
Index 1 | 50.261 | −0.520 | ||||||
Middle phalanx | DBM | 0.931 | −17.503 | 0.780 | 0.638 | 0.567 | A: −1.051 T: 0.525 | 0.602 |
DCP | 2.555 | 0.721 | ||||||
LMM | 2.187 | 0.951 | ||||||
Index 2 | −1.026 | 0.353 | ||||||
Distal phalanx | LD | −1.969 | −4.331 | −0.267 | 0.958 | 0.044 | A: 294 T: −1.147 | 0.206 |
GSL | 1.706 | 0.632 | ||||||
FA | 0.454 | 0.666 | ||||||
Index 3 | 0.012 | −0.208 |
Arabian | Thoroughbred | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal phalanx | Arabian | 23 | 2 | 89.33% |
Thoroughbred | 6 | 44 | ||
Middle phalanx | Arabian | 20 | 5 | 77.33% |
Thoroughbred | 12 | 38 | ||
Distal phalanx | Arabian | 15 | 10 | 54.67% |
Thoroughbred | 24 | 26 |
DBP | DCP | LMP | DBM | DCP | LMM | LD | GSL | FA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.021 | −0.020 | 0.076 | −0.064 | −0.121 | −0.030 | 0.204 | 0.381 ** | 0.227 |
DBP | 0.609 ** | 0.612 ** | 0.671 ** | 0.456 ** | 0.698 ** | 0.425 ** | 0.142 | 0.055 | |
DCP | 0.508 ** | 0.692 ** | 0.686 ** | 0.667 ** | 0.339 ** | 0.020 | −0.043 | ||
LMP | 0.491 ** | 0.355 ** | 0.691 ** | 0.280* | 0.234 * | 0.080 | |||
DBM | 0.794 ** | 0.749 ** | 0.352 ** | 0.104 | 0.104 | ||||
DCP | 0.615 ** | 0.272 * | 0.069 | 0.085 | |||||
LMM | 0.423 ** | 0.128 | 0.039 | ||||||
LD | 0.559 ** | 0.299 ** | |||||||
GSL | 0.760 ** |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gündemir, O.; Szara, T.; Pazvant, G.; Erdikmen, D.O.; Duro, S.; Perez, W. Radiogrametric Analysis of the Thoracic Limb Phalanges in Arabian Horses and Thoroughbred Horses. Animals 2021, 11, 2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082205
Gündemir O, Szara T, Pazvant G, Erdikmen DO, Duro S, Perez W. Radiogrametric Analysis of the Thoracic Limb Phalanges in Arabian Horses and Thoroughbred Horses. Animals. 2021; 11(8):2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082205
Chicago/Turabian StyleGündemir, Ozan, Tomasz Szara, Gülsün Pazvant, Dilek Olğun Erdikmen, Sokol Duro, and William Perez. 2021. "Radiogrametric Analysis of the Thoracic Limb Phalanges in Arabian Horses and Thoroughbred Horses" Animals 11, no. 8: 2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082205
APA StyleGündemir, O., Szara, T., Pazvant, G., Erdikmen, D. O., Duro, S., & Perez, W. (2021). Radiogrametric Analysis of the Thoracic Limb Phalanges in Arabian Horses and Thoroughbred Horses. Animals, 11(8), 2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082205