Influence of Different Regimes of Moderate Maternal Feed Restriction during Pregnancy of Primiparous Rabbit Does on Long-Term Metabolic Energy Homeostasis, Productive Performance and Welfare
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
- -
- Control group (n = 92) always fed ad libitum.
- -
- R07 (n = 96) with MFR applied from day 0 to day 7 post-AI.
- -
- R721 (n = 92) with MFR applied from day 7 to day 21 post-AI.
- -
- R021 (n = 94) with MFR applied from day 0 to day 21 post-AI.
2.2. Fetoplacental Study
2.3. Productive Outcome
2.4. Long-Term Maternal Metabolic and Hormonal Study
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feed Intake during Pregnancy
3.2. Fetoplacental Study
3.3. Productive Outcome
3.4. Long-Term Maternal Metabolic and Hormonal Study
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control n = 11 | R07 n = 11 | R721 n = 11 | R021 n = 11 | SEM | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LBW of does (g) | 4638 a | 4640 a | 4342 b | 4413 ab | 80.90 | 0.0254 |
Corpora lutea | 12.2 | 12.3 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 0.58 | 0.4350 |
Total fetuses/doe | 11.7 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 0.38 | 0.0814 |
Implantation rate 1 (%) | 92.5 | 97 | 95.2 | 91 | 2.57 | 0.3684 |
Fetal Viability 2 (%) | 94.6 | 84.9 | 90.3 | 90.1 | 9.13 | 0.0824 |
Fetuses weights (g) | ||||||
Total | 39.7 a | 38.4 ab | 37.4 b | 37.0 b | 1.78 | 0.0028 |
Head | 9.32 a | 9.06 ab | 8.75 b | 8.71 b | 0.35 | 0.0001 |
Trunk | 29.0 a | 28.0 ab | 27.0 b | 26.8 b | 1.43 | 0.0014 |
Fetuses measures (mm) | ||||||
CRL | 101.4 a | 99.5 ab | 98.7 b | 98.6 b | 1.83 | 0.0018 |
OND | 29.0 a | 29.2 a | 28.7 ab | 28.3 b | 0.61 | 0.0032 |
BPD | 19.3 | 19.2 | 19.3 | 19.0 | 0.52 | 0.5801 |
TD | 20.6 b | 21.3 a | 20.8 b | 20.2 b | 0.71 | 0.0034 |
Organs weights (g) | ||||||
Brain | 0.913 | 0.901 | 0.892 | 0.901 | 0.04 | 0.6395 |
Liver | 2.64 a | 2.39 b | 2.36 b | 2.39 b | 0.18 | 0.0097 |
Heart | 0.221 | 0.207 | 0.219 | 0.209 | 0.02 | 0.0734 |
Lungs | 0.134 a | 0.126 a | 0.122 b | 0.126 a | 0.08 | 0.0166 |
Kidneys | 0.359 a | 0.337 ab | 0.323 b | 0.307 b | 0.02 | 0.0001 |
Digestive tract | 0.208 | 0.215 | 0.207 | 0.197 | 0.17 | 0.0952 |
Ratios | ||||||
Brain | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.00 | 0.4033 |
Liver | 0.066 a | 0.061 b | 0.064 ab | 0.066 a | 0.00 | 0.0033 |
Heart | 0.006 a | 0.005 b | 0.006 a | 0.006 a | 0.00 | 0.0028 |
Lungs | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.00 | 0.0942 |
Kidneys | 0.009 a | 0.009 a | 0.009 a | 0.008 b | 0.00 | 0.0001 |
Digestive tract | 0.053 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.00 | 0.1759 |
Brain: Liver | 0.367 | 0.395 | 0.400 | 0.395 | 0.03 | 0.2273 |
Control n = 11 | R07 n = 11 | R721 n = 11 | R021 n = 11 | SEM | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole placenta (g) | 5.16 ab | 5.21 a | 4.60 c | 4.81 bc | 0.30 | 0.0001 |
Labyrinth | ||||||
Weight (g) | 3.27 | 3.51 | 3.30 | 3.33 | 0.80 | 0.0809 |
Length (mm) | 37.40 a | 35.80 a | 35.50 a | 33.90 b | 4.28 | 0.0001 |
Width (mm) | 28.50 | 28.40 | 27.70 | 27.40 | 3.72 | 0.1286 |
Thickness (mm) | 5.16 a | 5.17 a | 4.70 b | 5.05 ab | 0.99 | 0.0053 |
Decidua | ||||||
Weight (g) | 1.48 a | 1.55 a | 1.22 b | 1.40 a | 0.11 | 0.0001 |
Length (mm) | 39.61 a | 37.32 b | 37.30 b | 36.09 b | 1.41 | 0.0001 |
Width (mm) | 17.84 a | 18.76 a | 16.42 b | 18.39 a | 0.95 | 0.0001 |
Thickness (mm) | 3.45 a | 3.52 a | 3.11 b | 3.27 ab | 0.26 | 0.0069 |
Placental efficiency 1 | 7.52 ab | 7.34 b | 7.86 a | 7.45 ab | 0.34 | 0.0162 |
Control | R07 | R721 | R021 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 92 | n = 96 | n = 92 | n = 94 | RMSE | p Value | |
Fertility 1 (%) | 71.11 | 76.04 | 78.26 | 78.72 | 0.6129 | |
Parturitions | 59 | 69 | 67 | 68 | ||
Litter size | ||||||
Born alive | 11.01 | 10.98 | 10.05 | 11.02 | 3.17 | 0.2904 |
Stillborn | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.5514 |
Weaned (30 days post-partum) | 10.20 a | 10.54 a | 9.59 b | 10.04 ab | 1.14 | 0.0004 |
Litter weight (g) 2 | ||||||
At birth | 605.70 | 619.34 | 580.93 | 643.98 | 142.6 | 0.1276 |
At 7 days post-partum | 1306 | 1361 | 1272 | 1288 | 216.2 | 0.1646 |
At 14 days post-partum | 2290 | 2398 | 2260 | 2276 | 318.1 | 0.1040 |
At 21 days p post-partum p | 3314 | 3394 | 3227 | 3304 | 381.2 | 0.1613 |
At 30 days post-partum (weaning) | 5782 | 5708 | 5447 | 5484 | 1129 | 0.3592 |
Milk production (kg) 3 | 8.29 | 8.49 | 8.07 | 8.26 | 9.53 | 0.1613 |
Mortality in lactation (%) 4 | 5.13 ab | 2.83 b | 3.43 ab | 6.32 a | 6.77 | 0.0325 |
Maternal Feed Restriction | Days of Pregnancy | p Value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy | Control | R07 | R721 | R021 | 0 | 14 | 21 | 28 | ||||
n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 10 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 20 | RMSE | pMFR | pTime | pMFR × Time | |
T3 (pg/mL) | 3.76 a | 3.77 a | 3.19 ab | 3.06 b | 4.16 a | 3.07 b | 3.02 b | 3.54 ab | 0.79 | 0.0196 | 0.0026 | 0.0353 |
T4 (pg/mL) | 4.74 | 4.24 | 5.00 | 5.16 | 5.89 ab | 3.66 b | 2.58 b | 7.00 a | 3.11 | 0.8525 | 0.0001 | 0.5731 |
T3 to T4 ratio | 1.45 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 0.91 ab | 1.00 a | 2.06 a | 0.66 b | 1.24 | 0.8079 | 0.0022 | 0.5237 |
Insulin (mU/L) | 15.73 a | 15.71 a | 9.47 b | 12.45 ab | 16.26 | 10.10 | 12.80 | 14.20 | 6.57 | 0.0225 | 0.0871 | 0.0055 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 79.94 | 78.00 | 74.49 | 84.13 | 63.82 b | 61.72 b | 76.64 b | 114.38 a | 22.34 | 0.6207 | 0.0001 | 0.7501 |
Glucose-to-insulin ratio | 6.79 b | 7.12 b | 12.93 a | 9.17 ab | 4.59 | 9.56 | 10.26 | 11.70 | 6.79 | 0.0482 | 0.0802 | 0.2518 |
HOMA-IR | 2.90 | 3.11 | 1.75 | 2.87 | 2.63 ab | 1.44 b | 2.40 b | 4.15 a | 1.79 | 0.1140 | 0.0001 | 0.0049 |
NEFAS (mmol/L) | 0.42 ab | 0.33 b | 0.62 a | 0.52 ab | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.0158 | 0.0781 | 0.0100 |
Corticosterone (ng/mL) | 257.45 | 274.56 | 256.02 | 251.15 | 293.30 a | 363.82 b | 192.20 c | 195.85 c | 12.13 | 0.7344 | 0.0001 | 0.2519 |
Maternal Feed Restriction | Days of Lactation | p Value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lactation | Control | R07 | R721 | R021 | 7 | 14 1 | 30 2 | |||||
n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 20 | n = 20 | (P) n = 20 | (NP) n = 20 | RMSE | pMFR | pTime | pMFR × Time | |
T3 (pg/mL) | 3.47 | 3.41 | 3.48 | 3.40 | 3.70 a | 3.56 a | 3.54 a | 2.95 b | 0.66 | 0.9830 | 0.0056 | 0.0878 |
T4 (pg/mL) | 10.10 | 12.83 | 11.26 | 11.38 | 7.84 | 12.45 | 13.18 | 12.10 | 5.76 | 0.6012 | 0.0753 | 0.5611 |
T3 to T4 ratio | 0.57 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.2853 | 0.0847 | 0.2714 |
Insulin (mU/L) | 16.36 | 12.09 | 13.36 | 14.23 | 21.48 a | 12.83 b | 10.05 b | 11.68 b | 7.41 | 0.4223 | 0.0006 | 0.2539 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 114.33 | 109.93 | 109.31 | 109.51 | 116.51 a | 111.28 ab | 112.09 ab | 103.20 b | 12.40 | 0.6352 | 0.0199 | 0.2822 |
Glucose to Insulin ratio | 10.31 | 21.19 | 11.05 | 17.95 | 6.73 b | 15.13 b | 23.34 a | 15.30 b | 15.83 | 0.1555 | 0.0469 | 0.0802 |
HOMA IR | 4.73 | 3.32 | 3.70 | 3.95 | 6.26 a | 3.58 b | 2.82 b | 3.05 b | 2.17 | 0.3178 | 0.0003 | 0.2801 |
NEFAS (mmol/L) | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.8113 | 0.4605 | 0.2305 |
Corticosterone (ng/mL) | 239.11 | 234.36 | 215.89 | 246.54 | 151.11 a | 217.52 b | 272.84 c | 294.44 c | 11.51 | 0.4158 | 0.0001 | 0.2334 |
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Fernández-Pacheco, C.; Millán, P.; Rodríguez, M.; Formoso-Rafferty, N.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.; Lorenzo, P.L.; Arias-Álvarez, M.; García-García, R.M.; Rebollar, P.G. Influence of Different Regimes of Moderate Maternal Feed Restriction during Pregnancy of Primiparous Rabbit Does on Long-Term Metabolic Energy Homeostasis, Productive Performance and Welfare. Animals 2021, 11, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092736
Fernández-Pacheco C, Millán P, Rodríguez M, Formoso-Rafferty N, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Lorenzo PL, Arias-Álvarez M, García-García RM, Rebollar PG. Influence of Different Regimes of Moderate Maternal Feed Restriction during Pregnancy of Primiparous Rabbit Does on Long-Term Metabolic Energy Homeostasis, Productive Performance and Welfare. Animals. 2021; 11(9):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092736
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Pacheco, Carlota, Pilar Millán, María Rodríguez, Nora Formoso-Rafferty, Ana Sánchez-Rodríguez, Pedro L. Lorenzo, María Arias-Álvarez, Rosa M. García-García, and Pilar G. Rebollar. 2021. "Influence of Different Regimes of Moderate Maternal Feed Restriction during Pregnancy of Primiparous Rabbit Does on Long-Term Metabolic Energy Homeostasis, Productive Performance and Welfare" Animals 11, no. 9: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092736
APA StyleFernández-Pacheco, C., Millán, P., Rodríguez, M., Formoso-Rafferty, N., Sánchez-Rodríguez, A., Lorenzo, P. L., Arias-Álvarez, M., García-García, R. M., & Rebollar, P. G. (2021). Influence of Different Regimes of Moderate Maternal Feed Restriction during Pregnancy of Primiparous Rabbit Does on Long-Term Metabolic Energy Homeostasis, Productive Performance and Welfare. Animals, 11(9), 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092736