In Vivo Bacteriophages’ Application for the Prevention and Therapy of Aquaculture Animals–Chosen Aspects
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture
3. Bacteriophages
3.1. The Life Cycle of Bacteriophages
3.1.1. Lytic Cycle
3.1.2. Lysogenic Cycle
3.1.3. Pseudolysogenic Cycle
3.1.4. Chronic Infection
3.1.5. Abortive Infection
3.2. Bacteriophage Therapy
3.2.1. Methods of Administering Bacteriophages
3.2.2. In Vivo Use of Bacteriophages
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Species | Location | Ineffective Antimicrobials | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aeromonas aquariorum | Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) | Thailand | ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | [20] |
Aeromonas hydrophila | Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) | United States | ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline | [21] |
Aeromonas spp. | Goldfish (Carassius auratus) | United States | ampicillin, furadantoin, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim, tetracycline, others | [22] |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Denmark | amoxicillin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine + trimethoprim, | [23] | |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Australia | amoxicillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ticarcillin, trimethoprim | [24] | |
Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) | Mexico | β-lactams | [25] | |
Ornamental fish | India | amoxicillin, cephalothin, cefpodoxime, carbenicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim | [26] | |
Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Carp (Cyprinus carpio) | South Africa | ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin | [27] | |
Aeromonas sobria | Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) | Czech Republic | quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracycline | [28] |
Aeromonas veronii | Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) | Thailand | ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin, erythromycin, imipenem, clindamycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole | [20] |
Edwardsiella tarda | Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) | South Korea | kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline | [29] |
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) | China | chloramphenicol | [30] | |
Escherichia coli | Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) | Portugal | β-lactams | [31] |
Enterobacteriacae | Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) | Lithuania | ampicillin, β-lactams, second-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems | [32] |
Flavobacterium psychrophilum | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Denmark | amoxicillin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine + trimethoprim | [23] |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Trout (Salmo trutta) | Norway | quinolones | [33] | |
Plesiomonas shigelloides | Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) | United States | ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline | [21] |
Photobacterium damselae | Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) | Japan | chloramphenicol, kanamycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline | [34] |
Palmetto bas (Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops) | United States | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) | Tunisia | ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline | [35] |
Pseudomonas spp. | Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) | Lithuania | β-lactams | [32] |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Australia | amoxicillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, ticarcillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim | [24] | |
Streptococcus dysgalactiae | Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Cobia (Rachycentron canadum), Golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii), Amberjack (Seriola dumerili), Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), others | Taiwan and Japan | erythromycin and tetracycline | [36] |
Vibrio harveyi | Penaeidae | India | ampicillin, ceprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, furazolidone, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, polymyxin B, rifampicin, streptomycin | [37] |
Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) | Philippines | chloramphenicol, furazolidone, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline | [38] | |
Vibrio sp. | Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) | Japan | oxytetracycline | [39] |
Yersinia ruckeri | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Denmark | oxolinic acid | [23] |
Pathogen | Species | Application | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aeromonas hydrophila | Carp (Cyprinus carpio) | Intraperitoneal injection | Reduction in mortality by 100%, 60% or 50% depending on the bacteriophage or cocktail used. | [80] |
Cyprinid loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) | 1. Mortality drop from 39% to 0%; 2. A decrease in mortality from 100% to 43% or 17% depending on the used bacteriophage. | [58] | ||
No mortality after 7 days compared to control group (65%) | [79] | |||
Feed | 1. A decrease in mortality from 39% to 17% or 11% depending on the used bacteriophage; 2. A decrease in mortality from 96% to 47% or 27% depending on the used bacteriophage. | [58] | ||
Bath | A 47% decrease in mortality; most surviving fish showed no signs of disease. | [66] | ||
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | Intraperitoneal injection | A 50% decrease in mortality. | [81] | |
Immersion | Reduction in mortality by 37.5–55% depending on bacteriophage dose. | [82] | ||
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Intraperitoneal injection | Reduction in mortality by 40% after prophylactic administration. | [59] | |
Feed | Reduction in mortality by 70% after prophylactic administration. | |||
Bath | Reduction in mortality by 80% after prophylactic administration. | |||
Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) | Intraperitoneal injection | Reduction in mortality by 82%, 37% or 14% depending on bacteriophage dose. | [83] | |
Feed | Reduction in mortality by 51.6–60% depending on bacteriophage dose. | [84] | ||
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Immersion | Reduction of mortality by 43.3%. | [85] | |
Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens | European eel (Anguilla anguilla) | Bath | Reduction in mortality by 40%, 25% or 15% depending on time of initiation of therapy; reduction in mortality by 60% with prophylactic use. | [86] |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Bath | Reduction in mortality by 25%, 15% or 10% depending on time of initiation of therapy; reduction in mortality by 36% with prophylactic use. | [87] | |
Aeromonas salmonicida | Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) | Immersion | Delayed disease onset by 7 days and reduced mortality from 100% to 10% | [88] |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Intramuscular injection | Reduction in mortality from 100% to 70%. | [61] | |
Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) | Immersion | No mortality compared to the control group (36%). | [89] | |
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | Intraperitoneal injection | Delayed mortality; final mortality did not differ between groups. | [90] |
Feed | ||||
Bath | ||||
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Intramuscular injection | Reduction in mortality by 26.7%, no symptoms up to 14 days after bacteriophage administration. | [61] | |
Citrobacter freundii | Carp (Cyprinus carpio) | Intraperitoneal injection | Reduction in mortality by 100%, 45% and 0% depending on time of bacteriophage administration. | [91] |
Citrobacter spp. | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Bath | Reduction in mortality by 17%, 23% and 26% depending on the bacteriophage or cocktail used | [92] |
Edwardsiella tarda | Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) | Feed | Reduction in mortality by 53%, 76% or 80% depending on bacteriophage dose. | [93] |
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Bath | Reduction in mortality by 50%. | [94] | |
Flavobacterium columnare | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Bath | Reduction of mortality by 33–42% depending on the number of bacteriophages. | [65] |
Walking catfish (Clarias batrachu) | Intramuscular injection | No symptoms and 100% survival. | [57] | |
Bath | ||||
Feed | ||||
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Immersion | Reduction in mortality by 60%. | [65] | |
Flavobacterium psychrophilum | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | Intraperitoneal injection | Mortality decreased from 45% to 18% and from 13% to 6% depending on the bacteriophage used. | [95] |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Mortality decreased from 47% to 20% and from 80% to 47% depending on the bacteriophage used. | |||
23% reduction in mortality by phage administration 3 days after infection. | [60] | |||
Cocktail reduced mortality by 17–54% depending on the bacteriophage/bacterial ratio. | [96] | |||
Feed | No significant differences in final mortality. | [60] | ||
Bath | ||||
Lactococcus garvieae | Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) | Intraperitoneal injection | Mortality decreased from 90% to 0–50% depending on the timing of bacteriophage administration. | [97] |
Feed | Mortality reduced from 65% to 10%. | |||
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Reduction in mortality from 100% to 70% after 2 weeks. | [98] | ||
Photobacterium damselae subsp. Damselae | Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) | Immersion | Increased egg hatch rate from 50% to 80%. | [70] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | Locally on skin lesions | A seven-fold reduction in the size of the lesions. | [64] |
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida | Aju sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) | Feed | Reduction of mortality by 42.5% when bacteriophages were administered at the time of infection in 10 g fish; in 2.4 g fish by 78% and 67% depending on time of administration. | [99] |
1. Reduction in mortality by 40% and 73% with the cocktail; 2. Mortality reduced by 73% and 63% depending on the bacteriophage used; 3. Field infection- reduction in mortality from 18 kg per day to 6 kg after 3 applications of bacteriophage. | [100] | |||
Streptococcus agalactiae | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | Intraperitoneal injection | A 3-day delay and 40% reduction in mortality. | [63] |
Streptococcus iniae | Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) | Intraperitoneal injection | The decrease in mortality by 28–90% depending on the dose and time of administration. | [101] |
Streptococcus parauberis | Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) | Feed | Improved fish growth, reduced bacterial detection and improved breeding survival. | [102] |
Vibrio alginolyticus | Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) | Immersion | Mortality delay; no statistically significant differences at the end of the experiment. | [103] |
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | 1. Reduction in mortality from 93% to 0–30% depending on the dose of bacteriophages under experimental conditions; 2. Reduction in mortality from 40% to 0% in breeding conditions. | [104] | ||
Artemia salina | The total load of bacteria decreased by 93%. | [105] | ||
Japanese sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) | Feed | 70%, 47% and 44% reduction in mortality after using a cocktail depending on the dose; no difference in survival compared to the use of antibiotics. | [106] | |
New Zealand rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) | Immersion | Reduction of larvae mortality by 50% after using a cocktail. | [69] | |
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) | Mortality delay; no statistically significant differences at the end of the experiment. | [103] | ||
Vibrio anguillarum | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Immersion | Mortality reduced from 17% to 3%. | [107] |
Vibrio campbellii | Artemia franciscana | Immersion | Survival of nauplii increased by 24%. | [108] |
Vibrio coralliilyticus | Pacyfic oyster (Crassostrea gigas) | Immersion | Reduction in larvae mortality after prophylactic use. | [109] |
Vibro cyclitrophicus | Japanese sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) | Feed | Mortality reduced from 81% to 18%. | [62] |
Injection into the body cavity | Mortality reduced from 58% to 18%. | |||
Immersion | Mortality reduced from 63% to 18%. | |||
Vibrio harveyi | Brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) | Immersion | Bacteriophage cocktails enhanced hatching success (100%, control groups had a hatching success of around 50%) and survival rate (85–89%, control groups survival rate was 40–50%). | [110] |
Artemia salina | Larval mortality decreased 24 h post-infection. | [111] | ||
Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) | Immersion | Larval mortality decreased by ∽43%. | [112] | |
Reduction in mortality of larvae by 20% compared with antibiotic therapy. | [113] | |||
1. In experimental infection, larvae mortality decreased by 55%; 2. With a natural outbreak, larvae mortality decreased by 69% compared to the untreated control, by 46% compared to the antibiotic treatment group. | [114] | |||
Reduction of larvae mortality by 50%. | [115] | |||
Greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) | Bath | Reduction in mortality of 70% compared with the control group. | [116] | |
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) | Feed | Reduction in mortality by 58–28% depending on bacteriophage dose. | [117] | |
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Intraperitoneal injection | 1. Reduction in mortality by 27.7–33.3% depending on infectious dose with prophylactic bacteriophage application; 2. Reduction in mortality by 13.3–26.7% depending on infectious dose with therapeutic bacteriophage application. | [118] | |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Artemia franciscana | Immersion | Increase in breeding success and larval survival both when using a single bacteriophage and a cocktail. | [110] |
Depending on the bacterial strain, larval mortality decreased by 35% or to a level comparable to the uninfected control. | [68] | |||
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulus) | Immersion | Reduction of the bacteria number to undetectable levels in the tissues. | [67] | |
Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) | Feed | Reduction in mortality of 40–45% by single bacteriophage and 50% by a cocktail. | [119] | |
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) | Immersion | Reduction in mortality of larvae in 18–21% depending on the bacteriophage; delayed therapy resulted in decreased larval survival. | [120] | |
Reduction in mortality of 75 and 50% depending on time after prophylactic use; no effect of therapeutic use. | [121] | |||
Feed | Reduction in mortality of 50% for prophylactic use, no effect of therapeutic use. | |||
20–40% dose-dependent reduction in mortality. | [122] | |||
Vibrio splendidus | Japanese sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) | Feed | Reduction in mortality of 32–47% by a single bacteriophage, and 64% by a cocktail. | [123] |
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Schulz, P.; Pajdak-Czaus, J.; Siwicki, A.K. In Vivo Bacteriophages’ Application for the Prevention and Therapy of Aquaculture Animals–Chosen Aspects. Animals 2022, 12, 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101233
Schulz P, Pajdak-Czaus J, Siwicki AK. In Vivo Bacteriophages’ Application for the Prevention and Therapy of Aquaculture Animals–Chosen Aspects. Animals. 2022; 12(10):1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101233
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchulz, Patrycja, Joanna Pajdak-Czaus, and Andrzej Krzysztof Siwicki. 2022. "In Vivo Bacteriophages’ Application for the Prevention and Therapy of Aquaculture Animals–Chosen Aspects" Animals 12, no. 10: 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101233