Effects of Music Therapy on Neuroplasticity, Welfare, and Performance of Piglets Exposed to Music Therapy in the Intra- and Extra-Uterine Phases
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Location
2.2. Animals, Treatments, and Experimental Design
2.3. Sound Stimuli
2.4. Behavioural Assessments
2.5. Novel Arena Test
2.6. Novel Object Test
2.7. Vocalization
2.8. Voluntary Approach Test
2.9. Productive Performance
2.10. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Behavioral Assessments
Novel Arena Test
3.2. Novel Object Test
3.3. Vocalization and Voluntary Approach Test
3.4. Productive Performance
3.5. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
4. Discussion
4.1. Behavioral Assessments
4.1.1. Novel Arena Test
4.1.2. Novel Object Test
4.1.3. Vocalization and Voluntary Approach Test
4.1.4. Productive Performance
4.1.5. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behaviors | Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | CM | MC | MM | SEM | p-Value | |
Observations (n) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | ||
Rooting | 0.2900 | 0.2882 | 0.3051 | 0.2625 | 0.05 | 0.9216 |
Urinating | 0.0016 | 0.0065 | 0.0024 | 0.0083 | 0.04 | 0.7449 |
Defecating | 0.0096 | 0.0414 | 0.0154 | 0.0083 | 0.01 | 0.1224 |
Escape Attempts | 0.0750 | 0.0583 | 0.0375 | 0.0750 | 0.02 | 0.6228 |
Standing | 0.3417 | 0.4250 | 0.3458 | 0.2708 | 0.06 | 0.3008 |
Lying | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0417 | 0.0041 | 0.02 | 0.2473 |
Behaviors | Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | CM | MC | MM | SEM | p-Value | |
Observations (n) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | ||
Rooting | 0.1178 | 0.2226 | 0.1572 | 0.125 | 0.03 | 0.0887 |
Urinating | <0.0001 | 0.0042 | 0.0139 | 0.0042 | 0.01 | 0.3529 |
Defecating | 0.0125 | 0.0083 | 0.0139 | 0.0125 | 0.01 | 0.9692 |
Escape Attempts | 0.1492 a | 0.0384 b | 0.1508 a | 0.0542 b | 0.05 | 0.0214 |
Standing | 0.3212 | 0.4547 | 0.333 | 0.4125 | 0.05 | 0.2308 |
Interaction with object | 0.1292 | 0.0792 | 0.1833 | 0.2458 | 0.05 | 0.0713 |
Variables | Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | CM | MC | MM | SEM | p-Value | |
Vocalization (n) | 153.90 a | 18.09 b | 141.78 a | 109.70 a | 64.19 | 0.0016 |
Voluntary approach test (s) | 18.10 | 25.45 | 10.48 | 16.64 | 8.84 | 0.6954 |
Treatments | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | CM | MC | MM | SEM | p-Value | |
Birth weight (kg) | 0.94 b | 0.93 b | 1.16 a | 1.26 a | 0.03 | 0.0009 |
Weight at weaning (kg) | 4.29 b | 4.30 ab | 4.64 ab | 4.75 a | 0.06 | 0.0150 |
Treatment | Phase | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Birth | Weaning | SEM | p-Value | |
MM | 59.84 a | 56.90 Aa | 2.78 | 0.5516 |
MC | 61.57 a | 42.75 Bb | 3.18 | 0.0010 |
CM | 56.67 a | 38.61 Bb | 4.11 | 0.0176 |
CC | 55.08 a | 38.25 Bb | 3.12 | 0.0050 |
SEM | 3.24 | 1.51 | ||
p-value | 0.8270 | 0.0005 |
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Lippi, I.C.d.C.; Caldara, F.R.; Almeida-Paz, I.C.d.L.; Morais, H.B.; Odakura, A.M.; Konkiewitz, E.C.; Ferreira, W.S.; Fraga, T.L.; Burbarelli, M.F.d.C.; Felix, G.A.; et al. Effects of Music Therapy on Neuroplasticity, Welfare, and Performance of Piglets Exposed to Music Therapy in the Intra- and Extra-Uterine Phases. Animals 2022, 12, 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172211
Lippi ICdC, Caldara FR, Almeida-Paz ICdL, Morais HB, Odakura AM, Konkiewitz EC, Ferreira WS, Fraga TL, Burbarelli MFdC, Felix GA, et al. Effects of Music Therapy on Neuroplasticity, Welfare, and Performance of Piglets Exposed to Music Therapy in the Intra- and Extra-Uterine Phases. Animals. 2022; 12(17):2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172211
Chicago/Turabian StyleLippi, Isabella Cristina de Castro, Fabiana Ribeiro Caldara, Ibiara Correia de Lima Almeida-Paz, Henrique Biasotto Morais, Agnês Markiy Odakura, Elisabete Castelon Konkiewitz, Welber Sanches Ferreira, Thiago Leite Fraga, Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli, Gisele Aparecida Felix, and et al. 2022. "Effects of Music Therapy on Neuroplasticity, Welfare, and Performance of Piglets Exposed to Music Therapy in the Intra- and Extra-Uterine Phases" Animals 12, no. 17: 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172211