Ikhnos: A Novel Software to Register and Analyze Bone Surface Modifications Based on Three-Dimensional Documentation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ikhnos and IkhnosToolBox
2.2. Sample
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Software | Bone Elements | Data Collection | Statistics | Access |
---|---|---|---|---|
ArcGis 1 (ArcMap) 1 | All types | •Bone survivorship is registered via digital drawing over photographic 2D templates of complete bones •BSMs are plotted on separated rasterized 2D bone templates for anterior, posterior, mesial, and lateral views of each element | Spatial analyses including nearest neighbor distance, kernel density estimation | License fee |
TIPZOO 2 | All types | •Bone survivorship and BSM documented through codes according to skeletal element, segment and orientation | Data export for statistical analysis in separate software tools, not suited for point-based spatial statistics | Open Access |
Ikhnos | Long bones | •Bone survivorship is registered via digital polygonal cropping on the 3D point mesh and the calculation of heatmaps •BSMs are documented through the selection of landmarks (x,y,z) on the 3D point mesh of each element | Integrated R library IkhnosToolBox that includes 3D spatial and multivariate statistical analyses, tests for point patterning identification and visualization, and circular analyses for linear BSMs | Open Access |
Sample | Femur | Tibia | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right (C = 4, W = 6) | Left (C = 8, W = 3) | Right (C = 14, W = 1) | Left (C = 15, W = 1) | |||||
pits | scores | pits | scores | pits | scores | pits | scores | |
Wild wolves (W) | 22 | 29 | 26 | 32 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 16 |
Captive wolves (C) | 130 | 39 | 240 | 45 | 769 | 363 | 431 | 188 |
Statistics | Right Femur | Left Femur | Right Tibia | Left Tibia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Captive | Wild | Captive | Wild | Captive | Wild | Captive | Wild |
Skewness | −0.8651 | 0.3926 | 0.1974 | 0.9063 | 0.1824 | −1.0769 | −0.1009 | −1.7587 |
Kurtosis | −0.1101 | −0.6033 | 1.1583 | 0.9208 | 1.816 | 3.0222 | 3.6393 | 0.7149 |
Circular variance | 0.2741 | 0.2523 | 0.1884 | 0.2535 | 0.1671 | 0.0827 | 0.1266 | 0.0681 |
Circular dispersion | 0.6676 | 0.6451 | 0.3982 | 0.5497 | 0.3373 | 0.1609 | 0.2357 | 0.1392 |
Central orientation radians | −3.13/0.01 | 3.06/−0.08 | −0.05/3.09 | 0.36/−2.78 | 0.06/−3.08 | −0.04/3.1 | −0.02/3.12 | 0.7/−2.44 |
Central orientation degrees | −179.3/0.7 | 175.2/−4.8 | −3.1/176.9 | 20.9/−159.1 | 3.6/−176.4 | −2.1/177.9 | −1.2/178.8 | 39.9/−140.1 |
Preferential orientation | 0.7258 (1.0 × 10−9) | 0.7477 (3.5 × 10−8) | 0.8116 (6.9 × 10−13) | 0.7465 (1.0 × 10−8) | 0.8329 (4.4 × 10−110) | 0.9173 (0) | 0.8734 (5.1 × 10−63) | 0.9319 (5.0 × 10−7) |
Orientation comparison | 6.7226 × 10−31 (p = 1) | 4.8088 × 10−31 (p = 1) | 2.3845 × 10−30 (p = 1) | 1.974 × 10−31 (p = 1) | ||||
Captive Femora: 6.1859 × 10−31 (p = 1) Wild Femora: 4.8418 × 10−31 (p = 1) | Captive Tibiae: 3.3887 × 10−30 (p = 1) Wild Tibiae: 4.8725 × 10−31 (p = 1) |
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Mora, R.; Aramendi, J.; Courtenay, L.A.; González-Aguilera, D.; Yravedra, J.; Maté-González, M.Á.; Prieto-Herráez, D.; Vázquez-Rodríguez, J.M.; Barja, I. Ikhnos: A Novel Software to Register and Analyze Bone Surface Modifications Based on Three-Dimensional Documentation. Animals 2022, 12, 2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202861
Mora R, Aramendi J, Courtenay LA, González-Aguilera D, Yravedra J, Maté-González MÁ, Prieto-Herráez D, Vázquez-Rodríguez JM, Barja I. Ikhnos: A Novel Software to Register and Analyze Bone Surface Modifications Based on Three-Dimensional Documentation. Animals. 2022; 12(20):2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202861
Chicago/Turabian StyleMora, Rocío, Julia Aramendi, Lloyd A. Courtenay, Diego González-Aguilera, José Yravedra, Miguel Ángel Maté-González, Diego Prieto-Herráez, José Mª Vázquez-Rodríguez, and Isabel Barja. 2022. "Ikhnos: A Novel Software to Register and Analyze Bone Surface Modifications Based on Three-Dimensional Documentation" Animals 12, no. 20: 2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202861