Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Kids’ Meat Fed Ground-Corn-Grain Silage Rehydrated with Different Additives
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Treatments and Experimental Diets
2.2. Silage Making and Analyses
2.3. Determination of Chemical Composition
2.4. Slaughter and Sample Collection of the Muscles Longissimus Lumborum
2.5. Physicochemical Properties of the Muscle Longissimus Lumborum
2.6. Fatty Acids Profile of Longissimus Lumborum
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth and Physicochemical Composition of Goat Meat
3.2. Fatty Acids Profile of Goat Meat
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth and Physicochemical Composition of Goat Meat
4.2. Fatty Acid (FA) Profile of Goat Meat
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Experimental Treatments # | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ground Corn | RCSwater | RCSmucilage | RCSwhey | |
Ingredients (g/kg DM) | ||||
Tifton-85 hay | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
Soybean meal | 180 | 170 | 170 | 170 |
Ground corn | 400 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Rehydrated corn-grain silage | 0.00 | 415 | 415 | 415 |
Urea ‡ | 5.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Mixture † | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
Chemical composition (g/kg DM) | ||||
Dry matter | 920 | 819 | 828 | 814 |
Crude ash | 73.8 | 64.5 | 66.3 | 64.8 |
Crude protein | 158 | 150 | 151 | 151 |
Ether extract | 28.6 | 26.9 | 31.7 | 26.3 |
Neutral detergent fiberap § | 430 | 379 | 398 | 375 |
Acid detergent lignin | 44.7 | 33.0 | 33.2 | 33.0 |
Non-fiber carbohydrates | 35.0 | 40.5 | 37.9 | 40.9 |
Metabolizable energy # (Mcal/kg) | 2.60 | 2.36 | 2.38 | 2.38 |
Silage characteristics | ||||
Dry matter | 909 | 641 | 668 | 656 |
Crude protein | 87.5 | 105 | 107 | 107 |
Crude ash | 23.3 | 14.2 | 18.4 | 14.8 |
Neutral detergent fiberap § | 202 | 82.1 | 126 | 71.2 |
Acid detergent lignin | 53.5 | 3.52 | 4.03 | 3.41 |
Dry matter recovery (g/100 g) | - | 98.6 | 98.4 | 98.1 |
Gas losses (GL, g/100 g) | - | 3.93 | 4.53 | 2.47 |
Effluent losses (EL, kg/ton) | - | 3.52 | 3.31 | 4.16 |
pH | - | 4.16 | 4.19 | 4.26 |
Ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) | - | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.70 |
Fatty Acids (g/100 g FAMEs) | Experimental Treatments # | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ground Corn | RCSwater | RCSmucilage | RCSwhey | |
Saturated (SFA) | ||||
12:0 | 2.06 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 1.94 |
14:0 | 1.25 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.89 |
15:0 | 2.41 | 1.97 | 1.63 | 1.59 |
16:0 | 15.7 | 12.4 | 12.8 | 12.5 |
17:0 | 1.78 | 1.54 | 1.68 | 1.76 |
18:0 | 2.88 | 3.53 | 3.38 | 3.59 |
Monounsaturated (MUFA) | ||||
14:1 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 9.77 | 9.76 |
15:1 | 4.85 | 4.66 | 3.85 | 3.89 |
16:1 | 2.71 | 2.33 | 2.34 | 2.38 |
17:1 | 2.49 | 2.40 | 2.38 | 2.44 |
18:1n9c | 9.15 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 12.6 |
Polyunsaturated (PUFA) | ||||
18:2n6t | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 |
18:2n6c | 20.5 | 29.0 | 28.8 | 28.8 |
18:3n3 | 4.68 | 2.38 | 2.37 | 2.38 |
18:3n6 | 4.36 | 4.17 | 4.53 | 4.18 |
Other 1 | 14.7 | 9.69 | 10.4 | 10.9 |
SFA | 36.7 | 29.6 | 30.2 | 30.6 |
MUFA | 29.2 | 32.1 | 31.2 | 31.1 |
PUFA | 34.1 | 38.3 | 38.6 | 38.3 |
Item | Experimental Treatments # | SEM 1 | p-Value 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground Corn | RCSwater | RCSmucilage | RCSwhey | |||
Initial body weight (kg) | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 | - | - |
Final body weight (kg) | 26.4 a,b | 24.7 b | 27.6 a | 25.3 b | 1.54 | 0.033 |
Nutrient intake (g/d) | ||||||
Dry matter | 882 a,b | 842 b | 934 a | 828 b | 39.0 | 0.035 |
Crude protein | 146 | 139 | 150 | 138 | 2.91 | 0.22 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 350 a | 288 b | 340 a | 290 b | 8.61 | 0.0009 |
Metabolizable energy 3 (Mcal/kg) | 2.29 | 1.99 | 2.14 | 1.94 | 0.065 | 0.086 |
Item | Experimental Treatments # | SEM 1 | p-Value 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground Corn | RCSwater | RCSmucilage | RCSwhey | |||
Final pH (24 h) | 5.61 | 5.95 | 5.54 | 5.48 | 0.060 | 0.072 |
Color indexes | ||||||
Lightness (L*) | 39.3 | 39.3 | 39.1 | 40.4 | 0.34 | 0.49 |
Red (a*) | 16.2 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 0.13 | 0.59 |
Yellow (b*) | 5.93 | 6.06 | 5.52 | 6.02 | 0.14 | 0.52 |
Croma (C*) | 17.3 | 17.1 | 17.4 | 16.9 | 0.12 | 0.55 |
WRC 3 (g/100 g) | 79.4 | 77.7 | 76.2 | 77.2 | 0.57 | 0.35 |
CWL 4 (g/100 g) | 28.0 a | 20.8 b | 30.6 a | 22.2 b | 1.03 | 0.0001 |
SF 5 (N) | 6.72 | 6.35 | 6.83 | 5.16 | 0.36 | 0.39 |
Chemical composition (g/100 g) | ||||||
Moisture | 74.6 | 73.9 | 74.5 | 74.6 | 0.21 | 0.63 |
Protein | 20.8 | 21.8 | 22.1 | 21.7 | 0.19 | 0.25 |
Lipids | 2.58 | 2.63 | 2.51 | 2.69 | 0.16 | 0.98 |
Ash | 0.99 b | 1.05 a | 1.05 a | 0.99 b | 0.011 | 0.027 |
Fatty Acids (% Total FAMEs) | Experimental Treatments # | SEM 1 | p-Value 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground Corn | RCSwater | RCSmucilage | RCSwhey | |||
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) | ||||||
C4:0 | 1.95 a | 1.85 a | 1.46 b | 1.06 c | 0.064 | 0.018 |
C6:0 | 1.71 a | 1.09 b | 1.98 a | 1.04 b | 0.73 | 0.045 |
C8:0 | 1.61 a | 1.44 a | 1.01 b | 1.52 a | 0.43 | 0.041 |
C10:0 | 1.26 | 1.66 | 1.58 | 1.66 | 0.44 | 0.32 |
C14:0 | 1.86 a | 2.18 a | 1.73 a | 1.31 b | 0.26 | 0.014 |
C15:0 | 2.03 a | 1.17 c | 1.55 b | 1.57 b | 0.86 | 0.029 |
C16:0 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 15.1 | 15.4 | 1.94 | 0.96 |
C17:0 | 1.82 | 1.96 | 1.36 | 1.42 | 0.33 | 0.46 |
C18:0 | 16.5 | 16.9 | 16.7 | 16.4 | 1.75 | 0.65 |
Other SFAs | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.53 | 1.49 | 0.32 | 0.28 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | ||||||
C16:1 | 1.54 | 1.49 | 1.64 | 1.59 | 0.23 | 0.43 |
C17:1 | 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.075 | 0.95 |
C18:1 ω9 | 39.3 b | 39.0 b | 41.1 a | 41.2 a | 3.72 | 0.046 |
C18:1 c-11 cis | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 0.05 | 0.081 |
C22:1 ω9 | 2.01 b | 2.07 b | 1.85 c | 3.30 a | 0.31 | 0.0001 |
Other MUFAs | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.042 | 0.53 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | ||||||
C18:2 ω6 | 3.63 | 3.49 | 3.37 | 3.72 | 0.36 | 0.95 |
C18:2 t-9,12 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.023 | 0.74 |
C18:3 ω3 | 0.44 b | 0.42 b | 0.62 a | 0.43 b | 0.03 | 0.019 |
C20:2 ω6 | 0.45 b | 0.43 b | 0.49 a,b | 0.62 a | 0.04 | 0.033 |
C20:3 ω3 | 0.41 b | 0.44 b | 0.29 c | 0.73 a | 0.07 | <0.0001 |
C20:4 ω6 | 1.34 | 1.31 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 0.934 | 0.46 |
C20:5ω3 (EPA) 4 | 0.44 b | 0.43 b | 0.58 a | 0.57 a | 0.033 | 0.010 |
C22:6ω3 (DHA) 4 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.029 | 0.47 |
Other PUFAs | 2.75 b | 3.71 a | 2.96 a,b | 2.25 c | 0.118 | <0.0001 |
Sum of groups | ||||||
∑SFA 4 | 44.5 a | 43.8 a,b | 44.0 a,b | 42.9 b | 2.83 | 0.012 |
∑MUFA 4 | 45.4 b | 45.3 b | 47.2 a,b | 48.8 a | 3.73 | <0.0001 |
∑PUFA 4 | 10.2 b | 10.9 a | 10.4 b | 10.3 b | 0.41 | 0.001 |
ω6 4 | 5.42 | 5.23 | 5.19 | 5.66 | 0.36 | 0.92 |
ω3 4 | 1.68 b | 1.67 b | 1.85 a,b | 2.14 a | 0.09 | <0.0001 |
Ratios | ||||||
MUFA:SFA | 1.02 b | 1.03 b | 1.07 a,b | 1.14 a | 0.113 | 0.017 |
PUFA:SFA | 0.23 b | 0.25 a | 0.24 a,b | 0.24 a,b | 0.012 | <0.0001 |
ω6:ω3 | 3.23 a | 3.13 a | 2.81 b | 2.64 b | 0.194 | 0.006 |
Nutraceutical Compounds | ||||||
Desirable fatty acids | 72.1 b | 73.1 b | 74.3 a | 75.6 a | 4.31 | 0.044 |
h:H 3 ratio index | 2.67 | 2.61 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 0.10 | 0.48 |
Atherogenicity index | 0.41 a | 0.44 a | 0.41 a | 0.36 b | 0.03 | 0.044 |
Thrombogenicity index | 0.62 a | 0.63 a | 0.62 a | 0.58 b | 0.06 | <0.0001 |
Enzymatic activity | ||||||
Δ9desaturase (D9C16) 5 | 9.78 a | 9.56 b | 9.80 a | 9.36 c | 1.97 | 0.027 |
Δ9desaturase (D9C18) 5 | 70.4 b | 69.8 b | 71.1 a | 71.5 a | 1.75 | 0.0497 |
Elongase 5 | 78.0 a | 78.2 a | 77.5 b | 77.2 b | 1.02 | 0.045 |
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Diogénes, L.V.; Edvan, R.L.; Medeiros, E.d.S.; Pereira Filho, J.M.; de Oliveira, J.P.F.; Silva Filho, E.C.; Ramos, L.M.G.; de Lucena, K.H.d.O.S.; Araújo, M.J.; Oliveira, R.L.; et al. Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Kids’ Meat Fed Ground-Corn-Grain Silage Rehydrated with Different Additives. Animals 2023, 13, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010031
Diogénes LV, Edvan RL, Medeiros EdS, Pereira Filho JM, de Oliveira JPF, Silva Filho EC, Ramos LMG, de Lucena KHdOS, Araújo MJ, Oliveira RL, et al. Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Kids’ Meat Fed Ground-Corn-Grain Silage Rehydrated with Different Additives. Animals. 2023; 13(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010031
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiogénes, Luciana V., Ricardo L. Edvan, Elisama dos S. Medeiros, José M. Pereira Filho, Juliana P. F. de Oliveira, Edson C. Silva Filho, Layse M. G. Ramos, Kevily H. de O. S. de Lucena, Marcos J. Araújo, Ronaldo L. Oliveira, and et al. 2023. "Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Kids’ Meat Fed Ground-Corn-Grain Silage Rehydrated with Different Additives" Animals 13, no. 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010031