Current Knowledge on the Transportation by Road of Cattle, including Unweaned Calves
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Evaluation of Transportation Stress
3.1. Measurements of Stress during Transportation
3.1.1. Metabolic Changes Observed during Transportation Stress
3.1.2. Changes in Performance Variables Observed during Transportation Stress
3.1.3. Immunological and Inflammatory Changes Observed during Transportation Stress
3.1.4. Disease and Transport Stress
3.1.5. Injuries and Transport Stress
3.2. Factors Affecting the Extent of Transportation Stress
3.2.1. Age of the Cattle during Transportation
3.2.2. Type of Cattle
3.2.3. Road Conditions and Driver Variables
3.2.4. Stocking Density
3.2.5. Transport Duration
Rest Periods
3.2.6. Hot and Cold Weather
3.2.7. Fitness for Transport
4. Concerns about Transportation Stress
4.1. Economic Concerns
4.2. Welfare Concern
4.3. Societal Concerns
4.4. Limitations and Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Weight, kg | Area m2/calf 1 | Area m2/calf, k = 0.02 | Area m2/calf, k = 0.027 | Area m2/calf, k = 0.033 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small calves | 50 | 0.30–0.40 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.45 |
Medium calves | 110 | 0.40–0.70 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 0.76 |
Heavy calves | 200 | 0.70–0.95 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 1.13 |
Medium size cattle | 325 | 0.95–1.30 | 0.95 | 1.28 | 1.56 |
Heavy cattle | 550 | 1.30–1.60 | 1.34 | 1.81 | 2.22 |
Very heavy cattle | >700 | >1.60 | >1.58 | >2.13 | >2.60 |
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Buckham-Sporer, K.; Earley, B.; Marti, S. Current Knowledge on the Transportation by Road of Cattle, including Unweaned Calves. Animals 2023, 13, 3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213393
Buckham-Sporer K, Earley B, Marti S. Current Knowledge on the Transportation by Road of Cattle, including Unweaned Calves. Animals. 2023; 13(21):3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213393
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuckham-Sporer, Kelly, Bernadette Earley, and Sonia Marti. 2023. "Current Knowledge on the Transportation by Road of Cattle, including Unweaned Calves" Animals 13, no. 21: 3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213393