Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with the Mixture of Cottonseed Protein Concentrate and Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on the Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal and Hepatopancreas Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Experimental Diets and Design
2.3. Management of Experimental Fish and Feeding
2.4. Samples Collection
2.5. Measurement Indicators and Methods
2.5.1. Growth Performance and Physical Indices
2.5.2. The Diets and Whole-Body Composition
2.5.3. Serum Biochemical Indices
2.5.4. Nutrient Retention
2.5.5. Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activity
2.5.6. Intestinal and Hepatopancreas Histology
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Physical Indices
3.2. Whole-Body Composition
3.3. Nutrient Utilization and Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activity
3.4. Serum Biochemical Indices
3.5. Intestinal Morphology
3.6. Hepatopancreas Morphology
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition and Nutrient Utilization
4.2. Intestinal Morphology and Digestive Enzyme Activity
4.3. Serum Biochemical Indices
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients 1 | CON | FM-15 | FM-10 | FM-5 | FM-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fishmeal | 200.0 | 150.0 | 100.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 |
Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) | 0.0 | 24.0 | 47.0 | 71.0 | 94.0 |
Cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) | 0.0 | 24.0 | 47.0 | 71.0 | 94.0 |
Soy bean meal | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 |
Soy protein concentrate | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 |
Wheat gluten | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Wheat flour | 270.0 | 268.0 | 268.0 | 266.0 | 266.0 |
Corn gluten meal | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 |
Meat meal | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 |
Beer yeast | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Fish oil | 20.0 | 24.0 | 28.0 | 32.0 | 36.0 |
Soybean oil | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Soybean lecithin | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Ca(H2PO4)2 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Vitamin premix 2 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Mineral premix 3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Total | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 |
Proximate composition (g/kg) | |||||
Moisture | 63.0 | 61.1 | 59.5 | 71.7 | 73.7 |
Crude protein | 438.0 | 439.5 | 435.7 | 429.0 | 430.1 |
Crude lipid | 77.9 | 74.9 | 77.1 | 82.7 | 83.7 |
Crude ash | 111.6 | 105.0 | 98.0 | 95.5 | 90.4 |
Items | CAP | CPC | CPC + CAP (1:1) | FM |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximate composition (air-dry basis) | ||||
Crude protein | 842.1 | 615.1 | 728.6 | 682.1 |
Crude lipid | 1.9 | 23.6 | 12.8 | 90.0 |
Crude ash | 32.7 | 62.0 | 47.4 | 149.5 |
Moisture | 71.4 | 52.5 | 62.0 | 68.0 |
Essential amino acids (dry-matter basis) | ||||
Lysine | 87.0 | 24.7 | 55.9 | 52.1 |
Methionine | 22.9 | 8.5 | 15.7 | 20.3 |
Arginine | 34.0 | 78.9 | 56.5 | 40.9 |
Histidine | 16.8 | 18.0 | 17.4 | 20.7 |
Isoleucine | 52.8 | 18.9 | 35.9 | 27.5 |
Leucine | 63.8 | 34.4 | 49.1 | 52.6 |
Phenylalanine | 33.0 | 35.3 | 34.2 | 35.9 |
Threonine | 40.2 | 19.0 | 29.6 | 28.7 |
Tryptophan | 6.2 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 7.0 |
Valine | 54.4 | 26.6 | 40.5 | 33.7 |
Non-essential amino acids (dry-matter basis) | ||||
Aspartic acid | 95.4 | 56.6 | 76.0 | 61.0 |
Serine | 32.1 | 26.5 | 29.3 | 26.1 |
Glutamic acid | 97.8 | 123.7 | 110.8 | 87.5 |
Glycine | 38.7 | 25.0 | 31.9 | 41.3 |
Alanine | 46.3 | 23.6 | 35.0 | 44.2 |
Cysteine | 7.1 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 4.1 |
Proline | 24.0 | 21.7 | 22.9 | 28.4 |
Tyrosine | 31.4 | 20.2 | 25.8 | 22.9 |
Total amino acids | 783.9 | 579.2 | 681.6 | 634.9 |
Items | CON | FM-15 | FM-10 | FM-5 | FM-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBW (g) | 35.05 ± 0.05 | 34.97 ± 0.06 | 35.00 ± 0.05 | 34.95 ± 0.05 | 35.02 ± 0.03 |
FBW (g) | 125.73 ± 0.46 a | 125.47 ± 2.16 a | 122.47 ± 1.77 ab | 119.93 ± 0.88 b | 117.8 ± 1.41 b |
WG (%) | 258.72 ± 1.42 a | 258.82 ± 5.75 a | 249.90 ± 5.03 ab | 242.89 ± 2.18 bc | 236.57 ± 4.04 c |
FCR | 1.19 ± 0.01 c | 1.20 ± 0.03 c | 1.24 ± 0.02 bc | 1.28 ± 0.01 ab | 1.31 ± 0.02 a |
FI (g/fish/day) | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 |
SGR (% BW/day) | 2.28 ± 0.01 a | 2.28 ± 0.03 a | 2.24 ± 0.03 ab | 2.2 ± 0.01 bc | 2.17 ± 0.02 c |
Survival (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
K (g/cm3) | 1.63 ± 0.01 | 1.55 ± 0.1 | 1.61 ± 0.08 | 1.64 ± 0.12 | 1.55 ± 0.01 |
VSI (%) | 11.00 ± 0.50 | 10.13 ± 0.75 | 10.89 ± 0.99 | 10.42 ± 0.59 | 9.87 ± 0.7 |
HSI (%) | 1.26 ± 0.09 | 1.23 ± 0.13 | 1.37 ± 0.13 | 1.28 ± 0.06 | 1.31 ± 0.02 |
Items | CON | FM-15 | FM-10 | FM-5 | FM-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | 708.5 ± 3.7 | 713.4 ± 15.7 | 714.8 ± 20.1 | 706.4 ± 15.7 | 700.2 ± 19.2 |
Crude ash | 22.4 ± 1.6 | 22.7 ± 0.2 | 20.7 ± 0.2 | 21.0 ± 0.4 | 22.0 ± 1.7 |
Crude lipid | 64.9 ± 2.7 b | 63.2 ± 2.5 b | 61.2 ± 5.0 b | 64.0 ± 3.9 b | 71.1 ± 1.0 a |
Crude protein | 180.4 ± 1.6 | 181.5 ± 2.1 | 179.5 ± 6.4 | 178.4 ± 3.2 | 181.0 ± 1.8 |
Items | CON | FM-15 | FM-10 | FM-5 | FM-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protease (U/mg prot) | 16.10 ± 0.75 a | 14.26 ± 4.90 ab | 10.32 ± 0.67 bc | 8.16 ± 0.71 cd | 5.12 ± 0.21 d |
Amylase (U/mg prot) | 0.70 ± 0.02 a | 0.60 ± 0.01 ab | 0.62 ± 0.03 ab | 0.44 ± 0.08 bc | 0.34 ± 0.02 c |
PER | 1.91 ± 0.01 a | 1.90 ± 0.04 ab | 1.85 ± 0.04 abc | 1.83 ± 0.01 bc | 1.78 ± 0.02 c |
PR (%) | 41.02 ± 0.18 a | 41.08 ± 0.81 a | 39.76 ± 0.67 ab | 39.12 ± 0.24 b | 38.99 ± 0.45 b |
LR (%) | 80.42 ± 4.02 a | 81.00 ± 4.49 a | 77.35 ± 2.46 a | 68.43 ± 2.31 b | 77.59 ± 1.59 a |
Items | CON | FM-15 | FM-10 | FM-5 | FM-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST (U/mL) | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 1.12 ± 0.19 | 1.17 ± 0.11 | 1.39 ± 0.26 |
ALT (U/mL) | 6.78 ± 0.54 | 6.16 ± 0.73 | 6.40 ± 0.54 | 7.11 ± 0.09 | 7.40 ± 0.66 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.55 ± 0.07 | 2.56 ± 0.07 | 2.42 ± 0.12 | 2.68 ± 0.06 | 2.44 ± 0.05 |
GLU (mmol/L) | 4.67 ± 0.34 b | 4.84 ± 0.28 ab | 4.58 ± 0.39 b | 5.09 ± 0.17 ab | 5.47 ± 0.23 a |
TCHO (mmol/L) | 7.11 ± 0.48 b | 6.70 ± 0.25 b | 7.01 ± 0.11 b | 7.31 ± 0.33 b | 8.32 ± 0.22 a |
TP (g/L) | 27.41 ± 2.11 | 28.48 ± 1.26 | 27.41 ± 2.41 | 26.56 ± 2.00 | 29.35 ± 0.84 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 14.03 ± 0.29 b | 14.68 ± 0.88 ab | 14.46 ± 1.15 ab | 16.45 ± 0.91 a | 16.29 ± 1.19 a |
CAT (U/mL) | 4.24 ± 0.92 | 3.73 ± 0.50 | 3.72 ± 0.37 | 3.17 ± 0.61 | 2.76 ± 0.64 |
SOD (U/mL) | 49.93 ± 1.38 a | 50.78 ± 5.18 a | 50.57 ± 2.55 a | 40.49 ± 1.04 b | 42.16 ± 1.46 b |
T-AOC (mmol/L) | 0.79 ± 0.04 a | 0.78 ± 0.05 a | 0.80 ± 0.05 a | 0.67 ± 0.03 b | 0.68 ± 0.01 b |
Items | CON | FM-15 | FM-10 | FM-5 | FM-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Villus height (μm) | 734.9 ± 27.0 a | 737.2 ± 39.2 a | 764.4 ± 37.8 a | 670.4 ± 32.8 b | 603.1 ± 58.4 c |
Villus width (μm) | 161.9 ± 17.6 a | 165.6 ± 4.9 a | 168.4 ± 11.7 a | 167.0 ± 23.5 a | 127.6 ± 9.0 b |
Muscle thickness (μm) | 140.6 ± 5.8 a | 141.1 ± 6.4 a | 139.2 ± 20.1 a | 120.0 ± 9.3 b | 119.4 ± 6.0 b |
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Huang, H.; Li, X.; Cao, K.; Leng, X. Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with the Mixture of Cottonseed Protein Concentrate and Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on the Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal and Hepatopancreas Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals 2023, 13, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050817
Huang H, Li X, Cao K, Leng X. Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with the Mixture of Cottonseed Protein Concentrate and Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on the Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal and Hepatopancreas Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals. 2023; 13(5):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050817
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Hongfei, Xiaoqin Li, Kailin Cao, and Xiangjun Leng. 2023. "Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with the Mixture of Cottonseed Protein Concentrate and Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on the Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal and Hepatopancreas Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)" Animals 13, no. 5: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050817