Influences of Glyphosate Contaminations and Concentrate Feed on Performance, Blood Parameters, Blood Cell Functionality and DNA Damage Properties in Fattening Bulls
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design, Feed Production and Sample Collection
2.2. Feed Samples and Glyphosate Analyses
2.3. Analysis of Serum Metabolites
2.4. Hematological Evaluation
2.5. Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma
2.6. DNA Damage
2.7. Flow Cytometric Analysis
2.8. T-Cell Phenotyping
2.9. Intracellular Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
2.10. Phagocytosis
2.11. Apoptosis
2.12. Ex Vivo Proliferation Assay
2.13. Gene Expression Analysis
2.14. Statistical Analyses
2.15. Data Availability
3. Results
3.1. Glyphosate Exposure, Fattening and Slaughter Performance
3.2. Blood Parameters
3.2.1. Serum Metabolites
3.2.2. Hematology and Antioxidative Status
3.2.3. DNA Damage Indicators in Leukocytes
3.2.4. Functional Properties of Immune Cells
3.3. Gene Expression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | Experimental Week | Group | n |
---|---|---|---|
Albumin [g/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
Glucose [mmol/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
Cholesterol [mmol/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
AST [µkat/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
GLYLC | 11 | ||
GGT [µkat/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
GLDH [µkat/L] | 0 | GLYLC | 11 |
7 | CONLC | 10 | |
15 | CONHC | 11 | |
CONLC | 10 | ||
Triglycerides [mmol/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
Urea [mmol/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
Uric acid [µmol/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
AP [µkat/L] | 7 | CONLC | 11 |
Monocytes (%) | 0 | CONHC | 11 |
Platelet distribution width | 15 | CONHC | 11 |
CONLC | 11 | ||
Basal R123+ (%) | 0 | CONLC | 11 |
7 | CONLC | 11 | |
GLYLC | 11 | ||
15 | CONLC | 11 | |
Stimulated R123+ (%) | 0 | CONLC | 11 |
7 | CONHC | 10 | |
CONLC | 10 | ||
GLYHC | 10 | ||
GLYLC | 9 | ||
15 | CONLC | 11 | |
Basal R123+ (MFI) | 0 | CONLC | 11 |
7 | CONLC | 11 | |
GLYLC | 11 | ||
15 | CONLC | 11 | |
Stimulated R123+ (MFI) | 0 | CONLC | 11 |
7 | CONHC | 10 | |
CONLC | 10 | ||
GLYHC | 10 | ||
GLYLC | 9 | ||
15 | CONLC | 11 | |
CD4 (%) | 15 | CONHC | 11 |
CONLC | 11 | ||
GLYLC | 10 | ||
CD4+ (MFI) | 15 | CONHC | 11 |
CONLC | 11 | ||
GLYLC | 10 | ||
CD8+ (%) | 15 | CONHC | 11 |
CONLC | 11 | ||
GLYLC | 10 | ||
CD8+ (MFI) | 15 | CONHC | 11 |
CONLC | 11 | ||
GLYLC | 10 | ||
Phagocytotic PMN (%) | 0 | CONHC | 6 |
CONLC | 6 | ||
GLYHC | 7 | ||
GLYLC | 5 | ||
7 | CONHC | 7 | |
CONLC | 7 | ||
GLYHC | 7 | ||
GLYLC | 7 | ||
15 | CONHC | 11 | |
CONLC | 11 | ||
GLYLC | 11 | ||
Phagocytotic PMN (MFI) | 0 | CONHC | 6 |
CONLC | 6 | ||
GLYHC | 7 | ||
GLYLC | 5 | ||
7 | CONHC | 7 | |
CONLC | 7 | ||
GLYHC | 7 | ||
GLYLC | 7 | ||
15 | CONHC | 11 | |
CONLC | 11 | ||
GLYLC | 9 | ||
Early apoptotic PMN (%) | 15 | CONLC | 11 |
Late apoptotic PMN (%) | 15 | CONLC | 11 |
Early apoptotic PBMC (%) | 15 | CONLC | 11 |
Late apoptotic PBMC (%) | 15 | CONLC | 11 |
SOD (U/g HGB) | 15 | CONLC | 11 |
Gpx (mU/g HGB) | 15 | CONLC | 11 |
p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY×CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY×CFP×t | |
Glucose [mmol/L] | 0.024 | 0.296 | 0.228 | <0.001 | 0.763 | 0.363 | <0.001 | 0.828 |
NEFA [µmol/L] | 0.007 | 0.802 | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.996 | 0.759 | 0.016 | 0.645 |
BHB [mmol/L] | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.053 | 0.848 | 0.236 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.275 |
Cholesterol [mmol/L] | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.398 | <0.001 | 0.677 | 0.027 | 0.405 | 0.023 |
p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY×CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY×CFP×t | |
Fe2+ [µmol/L] | 0.026 | 0.727 | 0.186 | <0.001 | 0.379 | 0.414 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY×CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY×CFP×t | |
Leukocytes [103/L] | 0.089 | 0.477 | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.122 | 0.515 | 0.072 | 0.520 |
Lymphocytes [%] | 0.349 | 0.817 | 0.073 | <0.001 | 0.470 | 0.473 | 0.527 | 0.131 |
Monocytes [%] | 0.075 | 0.679 | 0.471 | 0.864 | 0.296 | 0.582 | 0.483 | 0.449 |
Granulocytes [%] | 0.577 | 0.910 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.198 | 0.828 | 0.928 | 0.815 |
Eosinophils [%] | 0.488 | 0.472 | 0.631 | 0.069 | 0.397 | 0.733 | 0.953 | 0.657 |
p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY× CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY×CFP×t | |
CD4+ [%] | 0.168 | 0.127 | 0.360 | <0.001 | 0.187 | 0.043 | 0.388 | 0.051 |
CD8+ [%] | 0.161 | 0.070 | 0.479 | <0.001 | 0.091 | 0.100 | 0.906 | 0.003 |
CD4+ [MFI] | 0.025 | 0.289 | 0.520 | <0.001 | 0.345 | 0.245 | 0.533 | 0.049 |
CD8+ [MFI] | 0.530 | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.058 | 0.009 | 0.044 | <0.001 |
p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY×CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY×CFP×t | |
Basal R123+ [%] | 0.486 | 0.652 | 0.880 | <0.001 | 0.254 | 0.118 | 0.087 | 0.231 |
Basal R123+ [MFI × 103] | 0.519 | 0.033 | 0.244 | <0.001 | 0.955 | 0.083 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
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Concentrates | Roughage | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental Group | |||||||
GLYHC n = 11 | CONHC n = 12 | GLYLC n = 12 | CONLC n = 12 | Maize Silage | Straw CON | Straw GLY | |
Components [% dry matter] | |||||||
Peas | 35.0 | 65.0 | |||||
Peas GLY-treated | 35.0 | 65.0 | |||||
Wheat | 29.0 | 10.0 | |||||
Wheat GLY-treated | 29.0 | 10.0 | |||||
Corn | 29.2 | 29.2 | |||||
Soybean oil | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Urea | 1.8 | 1.8 | 13.0 | 13.0 | |||
Calcium carbonate | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Vitamin/Mineral Premix $ | 3.0 | 3.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | |||
Chemical composition | |||||||
Dry matter (DM) [%] | 87 | 87 | 87 | 89 | 34 | 88 | 86 |
Nutrients [g/kg DM] | |||||||
Crude ash | 61 | 60 | 127 | 131 | 37 | 60 | 57 |
Crude protein | 203 | 202 | 554 | 560 | 70 | 34 | 32 |
Ether extract | 41 | 42 | 26 | 24 | 35 | 15 | 14 |
Crude fibre | 40 | 36 | 44 | 45 | 190 | 443 | 427 |
aNDFom ‡ | 97 | 95 | 85 | 77 | 379 | 820 | 821 |
ADFom § | 48 | 46 | 56 | 57 | 219 | 505 | 500 |
Starch | 582 | 595 | 409 | 402 | 367 | ||
Sugar | 44 | 43 | 41 | 42 | |||
Energy [MJ ME/kg DM] | 12.8 | 12.8 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 11.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
Herbicide agent residues [mg/kg DM] | |||||||
Glyphosate | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.00 # | 0.57 # | 61.81 # |
AMPA | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 # | 0.00 # | 0.59 # |
Gene Symbol | NCBI Accession Number | Sequences [fw/rev] 5′-3′ | Concentration [nmol] fw/rev | Amplicon Size [bp] | Efficiency [%] | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference genes | ||||||
RPS9 | NM_001101152.2 | F-GGCGTCTGTTCGAAGGTAATG R-GGGATGTTCACCACCTGCTT | 333/333 | 229 | 101.8 | this study |
UCHL | NM_174481 | F-CAAAGACAACTTGCTGAGGAACC R-ACTGCTTGTGTTCTGCTAAAGTC | 333/333 | 208 | 95.9 | [35] |
UXT | NM_001037471.2 | F-CGCTACGAGGCTTTCATCTCT R-CGAGTGGTTAGCTTCCTGGAGT | 333/333 | 141 | 89.6 | [6] |
Genes of interest | ||||||
BCL2 | NM_001166486.1 | F-ACGGAGGCTGGGACGCCTTT R-AGGGTGATGCAAGCGCCCAC | 250/333 | 121 | 96.8 | [35] |
BRCA1 | NM_178573.1 | F-CCAAAGCGAGCAAGAGAATCC R-CACTCTAGTTGATCTGTGGGC | 333/333 | 101 | 94.8 | this study |
CASP3 | NM_001077840.1 | F-CAGCGTCGTAGCTGAACGTA R-AGGCCATGCCAGTATTTTCG | 500/500 | 221 | 102 | [35] |
CDKN1A | NM_001098958.2 | F-CCACTCCAAACGCAGACTGA R-GCACAAACTGAAGGCCCAAG | 333/333 | 131 | 84.6 | this study |
GADD45A | NM_001034247.1 | F-GAGCAAAAGACCGAAAGGATGG R-CAGGCACAGCACCACGTTAT | 333/333 | 147 | 96.6 | this study |
HSPA1A | NM_203322.3 | F-AGGACTTCGACAACAGGCTG R-TGCTGGACGACAAGGTTCTC | 500/500 | 141 | 93.2 | this study |
NRF2 | NM_001011678.2 | F-AGCTCAGCATGATGGACTTGGA R-CAGCTCATGCTCCTTCTGTCG | 333/333 | 152 | 91.1 | [28] |
OGG1 | NM_001080285.2 | F-ACCTTTGGACCTCGGCTCAT R-CCGTTCTTCTAGGATGGCTCG | 333/333 | 165 | 94.4 | this study |
PARP1 | NM_174751.2 | F-CGGACAGATGTTTCAGGCAAAG R-TGGGGCTTATCGGGGTACA | 250/250 | 179 | 97.1 | [28] |
RAD51 | NM_001046179.2 | F-GCCCTAGCGAATACCAAAGC R-ACCACATTGCTCTAGTCGGG | 333/333 | 145 | 94.1 | this study |
SOD | NM_201527.2 | F-CGTGACTTTGGTTCCTTTGCC R-GCGTCCCTGCTCCTTATTGA | 250/250 | 108 | 95.2 | [28] |
TP53 | NM_174201.2 | F-TAGGAGCACTAAGCGAGCACT R-GTTCCCTTCCATCCAGAGCA | 333/333 | 173 | 86.4 | this study |
XRCC5 | NM_001102141.1 | F-AGACCCTCTTCCCTCTGACG R-TTCACGCTTCCAACACAGGT | 333/333 | 181 | 99.6 | this study |
Experimental Group | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | CFP | GLY | GLY× CFP | |
Final performance evaluation # | ||||||||
Dry matter intake (DMI) [kg/d] | 9.0 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 0.090 | <0.001 | 0.400 | 0.834 |
Water intake [l/d] | 21.9 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 21.4 | 0.566 | 0.512 | 0.868 | 0.983 |
Energy intake [MJ/d] | 105 | 85 | 103 | 83 | 0.957 | <0.001 | 0.420 | 0.891 |
Average daily gain (ADG) [kg/d] | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.669 | 0.321 |
Feed conversion [kg DMI/kg ADG] | 6.0 | 8.3 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 0.189 | <0.001 | 0.336 | 0.320 |
Energy utilization [MJ ME/kg ADG] | 69.4 | 86.8 | 69.6 | 79.2 | 2.027 | 0.001 | 0.362 | 0.341 |
GLY exposure [µg/kg BW/d] | 1.3 | 2.0 | 128.6 | 213.7 | 1.444 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
AMPA exposure [µg/kg BW/d] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.014 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Body weight before slaughtering [kg], selected organ weights [g/100 kg BW] and GLY/AMPA residues in urine [µg/L] | ||||||||
Body weight | 584.3 | 501.4 | 570.8 | 510.0 | 8.510 | <0.001 | 0.886 | 0.520 |
GLY in urine | 1.8 | 2.3 | 148.1 | 188.0 | 66.954 | 0.484 | <0.001 | 0.503 |
AMPA in urine | 0.3 | 0.6 | 10.0 | 13.2 | 5.657 | 0.296 | <0.001 | 0.383 |
Gall blader | 14.9 | 13.6 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 0.945 | 0.733 | 0.046 | 0.722 |
Heart | 306.6 | 285.6 | 307.5 | 278.2 | 0.005 | 0.014 | 0.741 | 0.673 |
Kidneys | 200.5 | 195.9 | 214.1 | 204.2 | 3.674 | 0.328 | 0.142 | 0.722 |
Liver | 1306.9 | 1191.3 | 1361.7 | 1208.1 | 13.601 | <0.001 | 0.196 | 0.490 |
Lung | 557.6 | 510.6 | 539.5 | 498.3 | 9.786 | 0.029 | 0.441 | 0.884 |
Prostate gland | 113.1 | 103.7 | 114.3 | 104.2 | 2.117 | 0.027 | 0.832 | 0.936 |
Pancreas | 91.3 | 80.2 | 85.8 | 80.6 | 1.783 | 0.027 | 0.481 | 0.420 |
Spinal cord | 25.4 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 24.9 | 0.336 | 0.144 | 0.513 | 0.393 |
Spleen | 165.7 | 148.1 | 168.6 | 142.6 | 3.344 | 0.002 | 0.851 | 0.535 |
Testicles | 132.46 | 123.82 | 136.06 | 128.38 | 2.832 | 0.157 | 0.475 | 0.933 |
Thymus | 57.98 | 49.25 | 59.27 | 46.87 | 1.642 | 0.002 | 0.870 | 0.580 |
Thyroid glands | 10.75 | 8.71 | 12.38 | 8.14 | 0.575 | 0.009 | 0.651 | 0.345 |
Tongue | 210.37 | 197.64 | 210.92 | 197.27 | 3.456 | 0.063 | 0.990 | 0.947 |
Urinary bladder | 15.41 | 13.63 | 16.46 | 19.19 | 0.959 | 0.805 | 0.092 | 0.246 |
Experimental Group | p-Value | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week | CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY×CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY× CFP×t | |
Albumin [g/L] | 0 | 30.07 | 29.73 | 30.27 | 29.71 | 0.160 | 0.382 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.057 | 0.696 | 0.182 | 0.199 |
7 | 29.62 | 27.28 | 28.44 | 27.43 | |||||||||
15 | 33.32 | 30.33 | 31.62 | 31.19 | |||||||||
Total protein [g/L] | 0 | 50.37 | 49.98 | 50.55 | 50.33 | 0.211 | 0.959 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.604 | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.965 |
7 | 54.14 | 52.23 | 52.15 | 50.95 | |||||||||
15 | 53.42 | 49.32 | 54.50 | 50.83 | |||||||||
Total bilirubin [µmol/L] | 0 | 7.91 | 7.63 | 7.87 | 7.71 | 0.097 | 0.369 | 0.002 | 0.945 | 0.927 | 0.773 | 0.001 | 0.364 |
7 | 7.47 | 8.23 | 7.53 | 7.62 | |||||||||
15 | 7.18 | 8.50 | 6.58 | 8.56 | |||||||||
Triglycerides [mmol/L] | 0 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.004 | 0.085 | 0.467 | <0.001 | 0.405 | 0.039 | 0.014 | 0.422 |
7 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.12 | |||||||||
15 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.21 | |||||||||
Alkaline phosphatase [µkat/L] | 0 | 4.52 | 4.48 | 4.55 | 4.56 | 0.063 | 0.783 | 0.060 | <0.001 | 0.131 | 0.948 | 0.352 | 0.622 |
7 | 4.68 | 4.13 | 4.36 | 4.41 | |||||||||
15 | 5.33 | 4.61 | 5.14 | 4.94 | |||||||||
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [µkat/L] | 0 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.013 | 0.660 | 0.155 | 0.030 | 0.288 | 0.046 | 0.992 | 0.296 |
7 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |||||||||
15 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.98 | |||||||||
γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) [µkat/L] | 0 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.006 | 0.389 | 0.375 | 0.069 | 0.208 | 0.805 | 0.448 | 0.590 |
7 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | |||||||||
15 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | |||||||||
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) [µkat/L] | 0 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.060 | 0.699 | 0.025 | 0.688 | 0.995 | 0.815 | 0.283 | 0.805 |
7 | 0.66 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.21 | |||||||||
15 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.18 | |||||||||
Urea [mmol/L] | 0 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.069 | 0.312 | 0.477 | <0.001 | 0.060 | 0.998 | 0.071 | 0.146 |
7 | 3.59 | 3.09 | 2.82 | 3.58 | |||||||||
15 | 3.43 | 2.69 | 3.09 | 2.72 | |||||||||
Uric acid [µmol/L] | 0 | 65.23 | 92.32 | 86.59 | 77.23 | 4.416 | 0.417 | 0.335 | <0.001 | 0.851 | 0.155 | 0.144 | 0.063 |
7 | 21.40 | 12.06 | 17.62 | 16.77 | |||||||||
15 | 87.81 | 52.37 | 54.91 | 53.20 |
Experimental Group | p-Value | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week | CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY× CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY× CFP×t | |
Erythrocytes [106/µL] | 0 | 8.18 | 8.22 | 8.17 | 8.24 | 0.048 | 0.420 | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.204 | 0.845 | 0.125 | 0.558 |
7 | 9.34 | 9.22 | 9.46 | 8.86 | |||||||||
15 | 8.26 | 8.01 | 8.27 | 7.75 | |||||||||
Mean corpuscular volume [fL] | 0 | 39.87 | 39.86 | 39.85 | 39.87 | 0.081 | 0.079 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.329 | 0.446 | <0.001 | 0.639 |
7 | 42.74 | 41.73 | 42.79 | 42.53 | |||||||||
15 | 43.90 | 42.22 | 44.25 | 42.75 | |||||||||
Hemoglobin [g/dL] | 0 | 9.69 | 9.68 | 9.65 | 9.74 | 0.039 | 0.002 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.976 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.678 |
7 | 11.10 | 11.22 | 10.47 | 10.67 | |||||||||
15 | 12.32 | 11.65 | 12.28 | 11.42 | |||||||||
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin [pg] | 0 | 11.86 | 11.84 | 11.85 | 11.85 | 0.049 | 0.211 | 0.462 | <0.001 | 0.142 | 0.072 | 0.002 | 0.502 |
7 | 11.97 | 12.22 | 11.23 | 12.08 | |||||||||
15 | 14.99 | 14.55 | 14.94 | 14.75 | |||||||||
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [g/dL] | 0 | 29.83 | 29.47 | 30.06 | 29.65 | 0.161 | 0.093 | 0.072 | <0.001 | 0.431 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.633 |
7 | 28.12 | 29.09 | 26.55 | 28.32 | |||||||||
15 | 34.16 | 34.26 | 34.07 | 34.32 | |||||||||
Hematocrit [%] | 0 | 32.57 | 32.63 | 32.38 | 32.77 | 0.201 | 0.721 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.495 | 0.979 | 0.007 | 0.735 |
7 | 39.84 | 38.36 | 40.18 | 37.64 | |||||||||
15 | 36.15 | 33.78 | 36.40 | 33.09 | |||||||||
Red cell distribution width [%] | 0 | 18.55 | 18.61 | 18.69 | 18.60 | 0.051 | 0.629 | 0.249 | <0.001 | 0.196 | 0.814 | 0.401 | 0.350 |
7 | 18.42 | 18.20 | 18.35 | 18.51 | |||||||||
15 | 17.27 | 16.67 | 16.95 | 16.91 | |||||||||
Platelets [10³/µL] | 0 | 193.86 | 193.43 | 201.83 | 180.27 | 6.052 | 0.596 | 0.902 | <0.001 | 0.881 | 0.866 | 0.316 | 0.701 |
7 | 291.61 | 281.26 | 311.28 | 285.94 | |||||||||
15 | 192.86 | 204.68 | 190.28 | 227.10 | |||||||||
Mean platelet volume [fL] | 0 | 3.65 | 3.62 | 3.62 | 3.67 | 0.021 | 0.568 | 0.001 | 0.090 | 0.406 | 0.663 | 0.029 | 0.463 |
7 | 3.78 | 3.63 | 3.83 | 3.55 | |||||||||
15 | 3.81 | 3.64 | 3.97 | 3.63 | |||||||||
Platelet distribution Width [%] | 0 | 14.24 | 14.41 | 14.19 | 14.35 | 2.91 | 0.940 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.581 | 0.651 | 0.003 | 0.951 |
7 | 14.49 | 14.13 | 14.69 | 14.20 | |||||||||
15 | 15.73 | 15.20 | 15.76 | 15.07 |
Experimental Group | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | GLY | CFP | GLY×CFP | |
Tail DNA [%] | 22.10 | 10.56 | 7.36 | 13.23 | 1.38 | 0.034 | 0.309 | 0.003 |
Olive tail moment | 29.81 | 8.57 | 5.36 | 11.05 | 2.15 | 0.014 | 0.077 | 0.003 |
Experimental Group | p-Value | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week | CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | GLY | CFP | t | GLY×CFP | GLY×t | CFP×t | GLY×CFP×t | |
Stimulated R123+ [%] | 0 | 98.90 | 99.58 | 98.20 | 98.20 | 0.296 | 0.947 | 0.832 | <0.001 | 0.186 | 0.346 | 0.869 | 0.293 |
7 | 96.90 | 91.45 | 93.68 | 96.62 | |||||||||
15 | 99.59 | 99.70 | 99.30 | 99.73 | |||||||||
Stimulated R123+ [MFI × 103] | 0 | 58.63 | 59.45 | 57.83 | 60.14 | 0.704 | 0.651 | 0.395 | <0.001 | 0.511 | 0.935 | 0.853 | 0.324 |
7 | 40.08 | 39.92 | 38.77 | 39.49 | |||||||||
15 | 55.79 | 60.27 | 58.60 | 56.26 | |||||||||
Phagocytic PMN [%] # | 0 | 78.07 | 80.22 | 79.83 | 82.04 | 1.173 | 0.724 | 0.071 | 0.005 | 0.422 | 0.180 | 0.004 | 0.802 |
7 | 86.66 | 86.00 | 83.70 | 80.74 | |||||||||
15 | 82.13 | 74.93 | 84.99 | 73.42 | |||||||||
Phagocytic PMN [MFI × 103] # | 0 | 81.19 | 82.38 | 81.11 | 82.00 | 1.133 | 0.590 | 0.142 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.789 | 0.040 | 0.165 |
7 | 101.52 | 75.40 | 75.15 | 83.24 | |||||||||
15 | 109.57 | 83.76 | 100.67 | 95.01 |
Experimental Group | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | GLY | CFP | GLY×CFP | |
Early apoptotic PMN [%] | 3.72 | 4.32 | 3.2 | 6.81 | 0.62 | 0.452 | 0.114 | 0.254 |
Late apoptotic PMN [%] | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.08 | 0.126 | 0.990 | 0.921 |
Early apoptotic PBMC [%] | 4.24 | 4.80 | 4.61 | 4.87 | 0.27 | 0.685 | 0.449 | 0.784 |
Late apoptotic PBMC [%] | 4.83 | 4.84 | 5.12 | 5.40 | 0.30 | 0.476 | 0.812 | 0.816 |
Experimental Group | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONHC (n = 12) | CONLC (n = 12) | GLYHC (n = 11) | GLYLC (n = 12) | PSEM | GLY | CFP | GLY×CFP | |
BCL2 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.012 | 0.042 | 0.249 | 0.669 |
BRCA1 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.012 | 0.083 | 0.712 | 0.852 |
CASP3 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.014 | 0.317 | 0.232 | 0.572 |
CDKN1A | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.66 | 0.016 | 0.965 | 0.010 | 0.340 |
GADD45A | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.016 | 0.275 | 0.568 | 0.527 |
HSPA1A | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.021 | 0.043 | 0.093 | 0.797 |
NRF2 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.010 | 0.477 | 0.002 | 0.915 |
OGG1 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.013 | 0.055 | 0.624 | 0.886 |
PARP1 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 1.02 | 0.90 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.051 | 0.734 |
RAD51 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.012 | 0.403 | 0.101 | 0.209 |
SOD2 | 0.88 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 0.69 | 0.013 | 0.670 | <0.001 | 0.904 |
TP53 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.394 | 0.822 |
XRCC5 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.014 | 0.024 | 0.812 | 0.883 |
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Heymann, A.-K.; Schnabel, K.; Billenkamp, F.; Bühler, S.; Frahm, J.; Kersten, S.; Meyer, U.; von Soosten, D.; Dänicke, S. Influences of Glyphosate Contaminations and Concentrate Feed on Performance, Blood Parameters, Blood Cell Functionality and DNA Damage Properties in Fattening Bulls. Animals 2023, 13, 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091499
Heymann A-K, Schnabel K, Billenkamp F, Bühler S, Frahm J, Kersten S, Meyer U, von Soosten D, Dänicke S. Influences of Glyphosate Contaminations and Concentrate Feed on Performance, Blood Parameters, Blood Cell Functionality and DNA Damage Properties in Fattening Bulls. Animals. 2023; 13(9):1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091499
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeymann, Ann-Katrin, Karina Schnabel, Fabian Billenkamp, Susanne Bühler, Jana Frahm, Susanne Kersten, Ulrich Meyer, Dirk von Soosten, and Sven Dänicke. 2023. "Influences of Glyphosate Contaminations and Concentrate Feed on Performance, Blood Parameters, Blood Cell Functionality and DNA Damage Properties in Fattening Bulls" Animals 13, no. 9: 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091499