Antimicrobial Activity, Genetic Relatedness, and Safety Assessment of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) Used as Live Feed in Fish Larviculture
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Isolation, Sampling, and Growth Conditions
2.2. Direct Antimicrobial Activity
2.3. Taxonomic Identification of Selected Isolates
2.4. Molecular Typing and Genetic Relatedness: Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR)
2.5. In Vitro Safety Assessment
2.5.1. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
2.5.2. Hemolytic and Gelatinase Activities
2.5.3. Bile Salt Deconjugation
2.5.4. Mucin Degradation
2.5.5. Biogenic Amine Production PCR-Detection
2.6. Biofilm Formation Assays
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antimicrobial Activity, Taxonomic Identification, and Molecular Typing of Five Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei and Seven Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum Isolates
3.2. In Vitro Safety Assessment of the Four Selected LAB Strains
3.3. Biofilm Formation by the Four Selected LAB Strains
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolates | Indicator Micro-Organisms | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. hydrophila CECT839 | A. hydrophila CECT5734 | A. salmonicida CECT4237 | A. salmonicida CECT894 | A. salmonicida CLFP23 | E. tarda CECT886 | V. anguillarum CECT4344 | Y. ruckeri LMG3279 | L. garvieae CF00021 | L. garvieae CLG4 | St. parauberis LMG225 | |
Biofilm (BF) | |||||||||||
BF1 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF2 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF3 | - | - | + | - | + | + | +++ | - | + | + | ++ |
BF4 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF5 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF6 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF7 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF8 | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | ++ | + | + |
BF9 | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - |
BF10 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF11 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF12 | - | - | + | - | +++ | + | +++ | - | - | + | ++ |
BF13 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - |
BF14 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BF15 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + |
Tank water with rotifers (RT) | |||||||||||
RT1 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | - |
RT2 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
RT3 | - | - | + | - | + | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | + |
RT4 | - | - | + | - | +++ | + | ++ | - | ++ | +++ | ++ |
RT5 | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + |
RT6 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
RT7 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | + |
RT8 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | - |
RT9 | - | - | + | - | ++ | - | + | - | + | + | + |
RT10 | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
RT11 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
RT12 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
RT13 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
RT14 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | - |
RT15 | - | - | + | - | ++ | - | + | - | + | ++ | + |
Tank water without rotifers (WT) | |||||||||||
WT1 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT2 | - | - | + | - | + | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | + |
WT3 | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | + |
WT4 | - | - | + | - | - | + | ++ | - | + | ++ | + |
WT5 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT6 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT7 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT8 | - | - | + | - | + | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | - |
WT9 | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | + | + | - |
WT10 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT11 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT12 | - | - | + | - | +++ | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ |
WT13 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT14 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - |
WT15 | - | - | + | - | ++ | + | ++ | - | - | + | + |
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Contente, D.; Díaz-Formoso, L.; Feito, J.; Gómez-Sala, B.; Costas, D.; Hernández, P.E.; Muñoz-Atienza, E.; Borrero, J.; Poeta, P.; Cintas, L.M. Antimicrobial Activity, Genetic Relatedness, and Safety Assessment of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) Used as Live Feed in Fish Larviculture. Animals 2024, 14, 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101415
Contente D, Díaz-Formoso L, Feito J, Gómez-Sala B, Costas D, Hernández PE, Muñoz-Atienza E, Borrero J, Poeta P, Cintas LM. Antimicrobial Activity, Genetic Relatedness, and Safety Assessment of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) Used as Live Feed in Fish Larviculture. Animals. 2024; 14(10):1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101415
Chicago/Turabian StyleContente, Diogo, Lara Díaz-Formoso, Javier Feito, Beatriz Gómez-Sala, Damián Costas, Pablo E. Hernández, Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza, Juan Borrero, Patrícia Poeta, and Luis M. Cintas. 2024. "Antimicrobial Activity, Genetic Relatedness, and Safety Assessment of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) Used as Live Feed in Fish Larviculture" Animals 14, no. 10: 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101415