Behavior and Activity Patterns of the Critically Endangered Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) Determined Using Remote Monitoring
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Observation Method
2.3. Data Exclusion
2.4. Data Analysis
- A main effects model: Arboreal or terrestrial (binary outcome)~season + per hour temperature + per hour relative humidity + per hour total illumination + hour of the day (1 to 24) + (1|snake ID).
- An interaction effects model: Arboreal or terrestrial (binary outcome)~season × per hour temperature × per hour relative humidity × per hour total illumination ×hour of the day (1 to 24) + (1|snake ID).
3. Results
3.1. Habitat Preference and Diel Activity Patterns
3.2. Diel Activity Rhythms and Movement Peaks
3.3. Environmental Influences on Behavior
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Coefficient | Standard Error | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −189.139 | 18,462.70 | −1669.30 | 2047.58 | 0.8334 |
ID | 30.129 | 10.236 | 18.332 | 67.569 | 0.8724 |
Per hour temperature | 141.265 | 38.68 | 67.91 | 214.62 | 0.0003 *** |
Per hour relative humidity | 35.613 | 15.84 | 5.58 | 65.64 | 0.1158 |
Per hour total illumination | −76.31 | 47.24 | −165.89 | 13.27 | 0.0245 ** |
Hour of the day | −2.977 | 2.81 | −8.30 | 2.35 | 0.1063 |
Season a | −64.178 | 104.70 | −262.72 | 134.36 | 0.2893 |
Parameter | Coefficient | Standard Error | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 1.374 | 1.623 | −1.714 | 4.461 | 0.397 |
ID | 9.676 | 3.145 | −1.442 | 13.279 | 0.443 |
Per hour temperature | −0.014 | 0.007 | −0.028 | 0.010 | 0.046 * |
Per hour relative humidity | −0.028 | 0.043 | −0.109 | 0.052 | 0.503 |
Per hour total illumination | −0.004 | 0.010 | −0.023 | 0.015 | 0.694 |
Hour of the day | 0.380 | 0.138 | 0.117 | 0.642 | 0.006 ** |
Season a | 0.150 | 0.129 | −0.094 | 0.395 | 0.243 |
Parameter | Coefficient | Standard Error | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −98.116 | 42.244 | −205.669 | 22.108 | 0.200 |
ID | 32.221 | 18.675 | 12.341 | 42.213 | 0.560 |
Per hour temperature | 3.443 | 3.638 | 1.268 | 5.516 | 0.002 ** |
Per hour relative humidity | −0.045 | 1.099 | −0.473 | 0.513 | 0.862 |
Per hour total illumination | −0.264 | 0.260 | −0.609 | 0.117 | 0.163 |
Hour of the day | 16.097 | 0.189 | 8.335 | 22.108 | 0.000 *** |
Season a | 17.072 | 3.336 | 10.224 | 23.071 | 0.009 ** |
Parameter | Coefficient | Standard Error | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −0.840 | 1.002 | −2.447 | 0.768 | 0.317 |
ID | 2.363 | 2.155 | −1.826 | 10.441 | 0.423 |
Per hour temperature | −0.029 | 0.016 | −0.060 | 0.003 | 0.039 * |
Per hour relative humidity | 0.017 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.028 | 0.043 * |
Per hour total illumination | 0.081 | 0.018 | 0.047 | 0.115 | 0.000 *** |
Hour of the day | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.000 *** |
Season a | −0.180 | 0.036 | −0.250 | −0.111 | 0.000 *** |
Arboreal or terrestrial b | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 ** |
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Deng, Z.; Ding, X.; Zhang, B.; Li, L.; Hou, D.; Cao, Y.; Chen, J.; Yang, D. Behavior and Activity Patterns of the Critically Endangered Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) Determined Using Remote Monitoring. Animals 2024, 14, 2247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152247
Deng Z, Ding X, Zhang B, Li L, Hou D, Cao Y, Chen J, Yang D. Behavior and Activity Patterns of the Critically Endangered Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) Determined Using Remote Monitoring. Animals. 2024; 14(15):2247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152247
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Zeshuai, Xiangyun Ding, Bing Zhang, Linhai Li, Dejia Hou, Yue Cao, Jun Chen, and Daode Yang. 2024. "Behavior and Activity Patterns of the Critically Endangered Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) Determined Using Remote Monitoring" Animals 14, no. 15: 2247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152247