Tibial Damage Caused by T-2 Toxin in Goslings: Bone Dysplasia, Poor Bone Quality, Hindered Chondrocyte Differentiation, and Imbalanced Bone Metabolism
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Sample Collection
2.2. Body Measurements
2.3. Tibial Phenotypic Measurements and Imaging Analysis
2.4. Tibial Bone-Breaking Strength Determination
2.5. Tibial Bone Mineral Density Determination
2.6. Tibial Bone Composition Determination
2.7. Tibial Stainings by Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE), Alcian Blue (AB), Safranin O-Fast Green (SF), and Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)
2.8. RT-qPCR
2.9. Serum Biochemical Tests
2.10. ELISA
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of T-2 Toxin on Body Weight and Body Size
3.2. Tibial Phenotype, Quality, and Composition under T-2 Toxin Exposure
3.3. Tibial Growth Plate Lesions Induced by T-2 Toxin
3.4. Imbalance of Osteogenesis and Osteoclastogenesis Caused by T-2 Toxin
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient Composition (%) | Nutritional Level (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Corn | 66.60 | DM | 87.49 |
Soybean meal | 26.50 | ME (MJ/kg) | 11.64 |
Rice husk | 0.50 | Crude protein | 17.04 |
Stone powder | 0.50 | Crude fiber | 3.66 |
Calcium hydrogen phosphate | 1.25 | Crude fat | 2.48 |
Methionine | 0.35 | Ca | 0.68 |
Salt | 0.50 | Total phosphorus | 0.66 |
Premix | 3.80 | Available phosphorus | 0.41 |
Total | 100.00 | Lysine | 0.86 |
Methionine | 0.60 |
Gene | Accession Number | Sequence (5′→3′) | Product Length (bp) |
---|---|---|---|
BMP2 | XM_048060962.1 | F: CAAACAGCGTAAACGCCACA | 131 |
R: GACATTCCCCGTGGCAGTAA | |||
BMP6 | XM_048072067.1 | F: GCCTCCTCGGGCTTCCTCTA | 293 |
R: CTCATGACCATGTCAGCGTCG | |||
BMP7 | XM_048072573.1 | F: TTGTTCCTGCTCGACTCTCG | 124 |
R: CAGATAGCTGCAGGCCAAGA | |||
SOX9 | XM_048064463.1 | F: GCAGCTCACCAGACCCTAAA | 127 |
R: GCAGGAAAAGTCTGCGGAAG | |||
RUNX2 | XM_048065734.1 | F: TGCCACTTCACCACCAACTT | 139 |
R: AGGCGGTTTGGGATGTAAGG | |||
BAK1 | XM_013197006.2 | F: CAGCCCACCAAGGAGAA | 153 |
R: GAGGAAGCCCGTTATGC | |||
BCL2 | XM_048076100.1 | F: ATGACCGAGTACCTGAACCG | 155 |
R: GCTCCCACCAGAACCAAAC | |||
CASP9 | XM_048067306.1 | F: TTCCAGGCTCTGTCGGGTAA | 150 |
R: GTCCAGCGTTTCCACATACCA | |||
CASP3 | XM_048078363.1 | F: CTGGTATTGAGGCAGACAGTGG | 158 |
R: CAGCACCCTACACAGAGACTGAA | |||
BGP | XM_048054300.1 | F: TTGGGGTTTTAAGAGGTGCTGG | 231 |
R: GCAGACACGCTAGGAGCATT | |||
OPG | XM_013185061.2 | F: CATCTCAACACACTGATGGCAAG | 147 |
R: GATGGTGTCTTGGTCTCCATTCT | |||
RANKL | XM_013179680 | F: ACCTGACTAAAAGAGGGCTTCAG | 102 |
R: AGTATTTGGTGCTTCCTCCCTTC | |||
RANK | XM_048076117.1 | F: CAGAGATGCGTTCGTTGCTG | 230 |
R: CAGGTGGGAAATGGTCGTGA | |||
ACTB | XM_013174886.1 | F: GCACCCAGCACGATGAAAAT | 150 |
R: GACAATGGAGGGTCCGGATT |
Item | 0 mg/kg | 0.5 mg/kg | 1.0 mg/kg | 2.0 mg/kg | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight (g) | 646.35 ± 30.84 a | 576.46 ± 21.61 a | 553.24 ± 33.77 a | 413.30 ± 31.98 b | 0.000 |
Body slope length (cm) | 13.98 ± 0.16 a | 12.67 ± 0.37 ab | 12.47 ± 0.38 b | 11.01 ± 0.39 c | 0.000 |
Keel length (cm) | 6.73 ± 0.22 a | 5.49 ± 0.09 b | 5.44 ± 0.13 b | 5.31 ± 0.18 b | 0.000 |
Chest depth (cm) | 5.07 ± 0.13 a | 5.18 ± 0.15 a | 4.82 ± 0.10 a | 4.11 ± 0.07 b | 0.000 |
Chest width (cm) | 5.39 ± 0.09 | 5.30 ± 0.16 | 5.03 ± 0.14 | 4.84 ± 0.16 | 0.029 |
Shank length (mm) | 67.78 ± 1.20 a | 56.71 ± 0.73 b | 55.00 ± 0.60 bc | 50.63 ± 1.63 c | 0.000 |
Shank circumference (cm) | 3.74 ± 0.09 a | 3.53 ± 0.10 ab | 3.48 ± 0.08 ab | 3.21 ± 0.12 b | 0.008 |
Pelvis width (cm) | 5.76 ± 0.09 a | 5.07 ± 0.11 b | 5.01 ± 0.13 b | 4.76 ± 0.20 b | 0.000 |
Half-diving depth (cm) | 33.50 ± 0.57 a | 28.24 ± 0.54 b | 26.74 ± 0.71 bc | 25.19 ± 0.91 c | 0.000 |
Item | 0 mg/kg | 0.5 mg/kg | 1.0 mg/kg | 2.0 mg/kg | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (g) | 8.96 ± 0.49 a | 7.73 ± 0.29 ab | 7.02 ± 0.46 bc | 5.49 ± 0.45 c | 0.000 |
Volume (mL) | 6.63 ± 0.49 a | 5.54 ± 0.27 ab | 5.28 ± 0.33 ab | 3.93 ± 0.41 b | 0.001 |
Length (mm) | 99.25 ± 2.34 a | 90.89 ± 1.25 ab | 91.03 ± 1.73 ab | 84.44 ± 2.39 b | 0.000 |
Width (mm) | 6.06 ± 0.12 a | 5.59 ± 0.11 ab | 5.38 ± 0.15 bc | 4.81 ± 0.18 c | 0.000 |
Circumference (cm) | 2.26 ± 0.07 a | 2.06 ± 0.03 ab | 2.00 ± 0.04 bc | 1.81 ± 0.06 c | 0.000 |
Breaking strength (N) | 120.55 ± 3.96 a | 105.08 ± 4.21 ab | 91.55 ± 3.47 b | 75.37 ± 2.46 c | 0.000 |
Skim weight (g) | 2.93 ± 0.14 a | 2.43 ± 0.09 ab | 2.28 ± 0.15 bc | 1.71 ± 0.14 c | 0.000 |
Density (g/cm3) | 0.56 ± 0.02 a | 0.49 ± 0.02 ab | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0.01 b | 0.004 |
Ash (%) | 46.36 ± 0.78 a | 42.57 ± 0.75 b | 43.51 ± 0.88 ab | 42.65 ± 0.84 b | 0.005 |
Ca (%) | 22.08 ± 0.32 a | 20.70 ± 0.49 ab | 19.92 ± 0.37 b | 19.51 ± 0.46 b | 0.000 |
P (%) | 10.84 ± 0.22 a | 10.24 ± 0.31 ab | 9.43 ± 0.32 b | 10.14 ± 0.24 ab | 0.006 |
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Gu, W.; Hou, L.; Bao, Q.; Xu, Q.; Chen, G. Tibial Damage Caused by T-2 Toxin in Goslings: Bone Dysplasia, Poor Bone Quality, Hindered Chondrocyte Differentiation, and Imbalanced Bone Metabolism. Animals 2024, 14, 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152281
Gu W, Hou L, Bao Q, Xu Q, Chen G. Tibial Damage Caused by T-2 Toxin in Goslings: Bone Dysplasia, Poor Bone Quality, Hindered Chondrocyte Differentiation, and Imbalanced Bone Metabolism. Animals. 2024; 14(15):2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152281
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Wang, Lie Hou, Qiang Bao, Qi Xu, and Guohong Chen. 2024. "Tibial Damage Caused by T-2 Toxin in Goslings: Bone Dysplasia, Poor Bone Quality, Hindered Chondrocyte Differentiation, and Imbalanced Bone Metabolism" Animals 14, no. 15: 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152281