Mediterranean Marine Mammals: Possible Future Trends and Threats Due to Mercury Contamination and Interaction with Other Environmental Stressors
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mercury Biogeochemistry and Biomagnification in Mediterranean Pelagic Food Webs
3. Mercury Accumulation in Mediterranean Marine Mammals
4. Mercury–Selenium Interactions
5. Climate Change and Future Trends of Mercury Bioavailability in the Mediterranean Sea
6. Possible Cumulative Effects of Hg and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
7. Management Priorities for Mediterranean Marine Mammals
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Area | Year | N of Samples | Length (cm) | Liver | Kidney | Muscle | Lung | Brain | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gibraltar Str. (Southern Spain) | 2012–2013 | 1 | 95 | 1.5 | 0.79 | 14.8 | [80] | ||
5 | 121–184 | 3.9–88.3 | 2.1–25.3 | 1.3–16.3 | |||||
4 | 200–220 | 63–270 | 8.8–26.5 | 3.9–25.3 | |||||
Southern Spain | 2009–2015 | 2 | <95 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 0.59 ± 0.55 | 1.45 | 0.66 | 0.59 ± 0.46 | [78] |
26 | <187 ♀; <190 ♂ | 27.2 ± 32.3 | 5.4 ± 4.1 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 1.02 ± 0.46 | |||
25 | >187 ♀; >190 ♂ | 241 ± 158 | 14.2 ± 7.3 | 14.1 ± 9.3 | 13.0 ± 8.3 | 22.8 ± 24.9 | |||
NW Mediterranean Ligurian Sea | 1986–1990 | 3–4 | 98–110 | 3.2–5.3 | 1.3–2.5 | 1.3–1.5 | 0.50–1.25 | 0.75–1.00 | [81] |
3–7 | 159–188 | 56.3–178.3 | 7.8–16.3 | 3.3–14.3 | 2.5–6.8 | 4.0–5.8 | |||
5–7 | 193–226 | 33.0–748 | 10.5–40.8 | 19.0–65.0 | 46–112 | 8.8–47 | |||
Sicily Channel | 2000–2009 | 3–4 | 85–110 | 2.1–22.5 | 0.1–5.6 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.60–1.90 | [82] | |
3 | 131–182 | 5.5–24.4 | 2.5–5.9 | 1.3–3.4 | 0.45–2.82 | ||||
1 | 190 | 114 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 17.8 | ||||
Apulian coasts | 1987 | 5 | 190–208 | 189 ± 28 | 10.3 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 28.7 ± 14.2 | 13.9 ± 6.0 | [84] |
Eastern Adriatic Sea | 2002 | 5 | 188–207 | 182 ± 91.6 | 12.6 ± 7.3 | 16.5 ± 13.9 | [85] | ||
Israel coasts | 1993–2001 | 1 | 102 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.54 | [76] | ||
5 | 187–197 | 26–550 | 1.9–27 | 2.3–21 |
Sampling Area | Period (Year) | Species | Sample (n per Age) | ƩPCBs | ƩDDTs | ƩPAH (n) | HCB | ƩHCH | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ionian/Aegean Seas | 1995–2013 | Monachus monachus | 31 IM | 59,500 | 55,900 | (14) 724 | 239 | [49] | |
11 ♀ | 240,000 | 171,000 | (14) 549 | 324 | |||||
5 ♂ | 36,000 | 47,500 | (14) 231 | 180 | |||||
SE Spain | 2011–2018 | Stenella coeruleoalba | 12 IM | 4340 ± 7090 | 3865 ± 4628 | 25.9 ± 28.1 | 131 ± 237 | [106] | |
6 ♀ | 2206 ± 1535 | 2120 ± 1593 | 15.9 ± 21.1 | 75.4 ± 93.5 | |||||
6 ♂ | 13,361 ± 18,208 | 9788 ± 15,030 | 41.5 ± 67.1 | 242 ± 533 | |||||
Tursiops truncatus | 8 all | 6106 ± 5610 | 2266 ± 1739 | 18.6 ± 12.3 | 73.4 ± 58.8 | ||||
SE Spain | 2011–2018 | S. coeruleoalba T. truncatus | 34 all | (16) 100 ± 59 | [47] | ||||
8 all | (16) 109 ± 44 | ||||||||
French Mediterranean coast | 1988–2000 | S. coeruleoalba | 5 all | 45,200 | ———— | [107] | |||
2000–2003 | 3 all | 69,978 | 3108 | ||||||
2003–2009 | 33 all | 37,460 | 17,036 | ||||||
2010–2016 | 45 all | 21,058 | 10,777 | ||||||
French Mediterranean coast | 2010–2016 | S. coeruleoalba T. truncatus | 42 all | (16) 1020 | [108] | ||||
5 all | (16) 981 | ||||||||
Italian coasts | 1998–2021 | Grampus griseus | 2 IM | 137,500 ± 193,070 | 71,050 ± 69,950 | 370 ± 380 | [109] | ||
10 ♀ | |||||||||
8 ♂ | |||||||||
Tyrrh./Ligurian Seas | 2015–2016 | S. coeruleoalba | 5 ♀ | 1360 | [110] | ||||
5 ♂ | 2590 |
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Bargagli, R.; Rota, E. Mediterranean Marine Mammals: Possible Future Trends and Threats Due to Mercury Contamination and Interaction with Other Environmental Stressors. Animals 2024, 14, 2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162386
Bargagli R, Rota E. Mediterranean Marine Mammals: Possible Future Trends and Threats Due to Mercury Contamination and Interaction with Other Environmental Stressors. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162386
Chicago/Turabian StyleBargagli, Roberto, and Emilia Rota. 2024. "Mediterranean Marine Mammals: Possible Future Trends and Threats Due to Mercury Contamination and Interaction with Other Environmental Stressors" Animals 14, no. 16: 2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162386