Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior, Registered by Innovative Technologies and Blood Gas Parameters
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Animal Housing Conditions
2.2. Selection of Cows for Study
2.3. Registration of Parameters
2.4. Creation of Groups
2.5. Duration of Parameter Registration
2.5.1. Registration of Cow Behavior Parameters
2.5.2. Registration of Cows’ Blood Gas Parameters
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior Registered by Innovative Technologies
3.1.1. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Rumination Time
3.1.2. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Body Temperature
3.2. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Blood Gas Parameters
3.2.1. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow on Partial Carbon Dioxide Pressure (pCO2)
3.2.2. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow on Partial Oxygen Pressure (pO2)
3.2.3. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Sodium (Na) Concentration in Cows
3.2.4. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Potassium (K) Concentration in Cows
3.2.5. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Chloride (Cl) Concentration in Cows
4. Discussion
4.1. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior Registered by Innovative Technologies
4.2. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Blood Gas Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diet Component | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
Corn silage | 25 |
Alfalfa grass hay | 5 |
Grass silage | 20 |
Sugar beet pulp silage | 15 |
Grain concentrate mash | 30 |
Mineral mix | 5 |
Nutrient | Composition (%) or Mcal/kg |
---|---|
Dry matter (DM) | 48.8 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 28.2 |
Acid detergent fiber | 19.8 |
Non-fiber carbs | 38.7 |
Crude protein | 15.8 |
Net lactation energy | 1.6 Mcal/kg |
Parameter | THI Class | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Minimum | Maximum | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||||||
Rumination time (min/d.) | 1 a | 14 | 476.29 | 55.15 | 444.44 | 548 | 380 | 548 | 0.67 |
2 b | 14 | 455.93 | 75.16 | 412.53 | 536 | 334 | 536 | 0.56 | |
3 c | 14 | 399.57 a | 103.74 | 339.67 | 528 | 133 | 528 | 0.02 | |
4 d | 14 | 139.36 a | 19.44 | 128.13 | 172 | 107 | 172 | 0.001 | |
Total | 56 | 342.77 | 191.46 | 291.50 | 548 | 37 | 548 | ||
Body temperature (°C) | 1 a | 14 | 38.88 | 0.74 | 38.45 | 40 | 38 | 40 | 0.07 |
2 b | 14 | 38.77 | 0.86 | 38.27 | 40 | 37 | 40 | 0.14 | |
3 c | 14 | 38.85 | 1.19 | 37.16 | 40 | 36 | 40 | 0.64 | |
4 d | 14 | 39.31 b | 0.94 | 38.77 | 40 | 37 | 40 | 0.02 | |
Total | 56 | 30.38 | 14.22 | 26.57 | 40 | 5 | 40 | ||
Reticulorumen pH | 1 a | 14 | 6.14 | 0.33 | 5.95 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 0.56 |
2 b | 14 | 6.14 | 0.28 | 5.97 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 0.28 | |
3 c | 14 | 6.13 | 0.33 | 5.93 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 0.65 | |
4 d | 14 | 6.02 | 0.42 | 5.77 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 0.51 | |
Total | 56 | 39.44 | 58.97 | 23.65 | 172 | 6 | 172 | ||
Water consumption (L/day) | 1 a | 13 | 130.62 | 17.91 | 119.79 | 164 | 103 | 164 | 0.87 |
2 b | 13 | 131.77 | 12.93 | 123.95 | 160 | 113 | 160 | 0.53 | |
3 c | 14 | 133.14 | 22.32 | 120.25 | 172 | 73 | 172 | 0.41 | |
4 d | 14 | 173.20 | 0.00 | 73.20 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 0.07 | |
Total | 54 | 100.31 | 56.03 | 85.02 | 172 | 3 | 172 | ||
Cow activity (h/day) | 1 a | 13 | 8.77 | 5.21 | 5.62 | 19 | 2 | 19 | 0.43 |
2 b | 13 | 9.43 | 5.25 | 6.25 | 21 | 2 | 21 | 0.07 | |
3 c | 14 | 9.61 | 4.38 | 7.08 | 18 | 1 | 18 | 0.25 | |
4 d | 14 | 10.12 | 4.62 | 7.45 | 19 | 3 | 19 | 0.52 | |
Total | 54 | 25.85 | 28.57 | 18.05 | 73 | 1 | 73 |
Parameter | THI Class | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Minimum | Maximum | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pCO2 (mmHg) | 1 a | 14 | 34.91 | 4.74 | 32.17 | 43 | 28 | 43 | 0.45 |
2 b | 14 | 33.94 | 5.91 | 30.53 | 47 | 22 | 47 | 0.32 | |
3 c | 13 | 34.27 | 4.61 | 31.48 | 47 | 30 | 47 | 0.57 | |
4 d | 14 | 29.31 a | 3.81 | 27.10 | 38 | 25 | 38 | 0.01 | |
Total | 55 | 33.09 | 5.21 | 31.68 | 47 | 22 | 47 | ||
pO2 (mmHg) | 1 a | 14 | 100.99 | 56.01 | 68.64 | 190 | 38 | 190 | 0.17 |
2 b | 14 | 135.24 | 63.75 | 98.43 | 214 | 43 | 214 | 0.67 | |
3 c | 13 | 129.42 | 54.30 | 96.60 | 200 | 54 | 200 | 0.76 | |
4 d | 14 | 149.86 a | 38.16 | 127.83 | 194 | 81 | 194 | 0.01 | |
Total | 55 | 128.87 | 55.37 | 113.90 | 214 | 38 | 214 | ||
cHCO3 | 1 a | 14 | 26.99 | 1.90 | 25.89 | 30 | 23 | 30 | 0.54 |
2 b | 14 | 25.44 | 2.73 | 23.86 | 31 | 19 | 31 | 0.09 | |
3 c | 13 | 25.82 | 1.87 | 24.69 | 29 | 22 | 29 | 0.67 | |
4 d | 14 | 25.03 | 1.76 | 24.01 | 28 | 22 | 28 | 0.54 | |
Total | 55 | 25.82 | 2.18 | 25.23 | 31 | 19 | 31 | ||
BE (ecf) | 1 a | 14 | 3.80 | 2.36 | 2.44 | 8 | −2 | 8 | 0.34 |
2 b | 14 | 2.05 | 2.42 | 0.65 | 7 | −4 | 7 | 0.79 | |
3 c | 13 | 2.42 | 2.14 | 1.12 | 6 | −2 | 6 | 0.09 | |
4 d | 14 | 2.52 | 2.00 | 1.36 | 6 | −1 | 6 | 0.34 | |
Total | 55 | 2.70 | 2.28 | 2.09 | 8 | −4 | 8 | ||
cSO2 | 1 a | 14 | 92.44 | 9.46 | 86.97 | 100 | 76 | 100 | 0.09 |
2 b | 14 | 96.20 | 5.73 | 92.89 | 100 | 83 | 100 | 0.45 | |
3 c | 13 | 97.53 | 3.24 | 95.57 | 100 | 91 | 100 | 0.76 | |
4 d | 14 | 99.28 | 0.77 | 98.83 | 100 | 97 | 100 | 0.43 | |
Total | 55 | 96.34 | 6.20 | 94.66 | 100 | 76 | 100 | ||
Na (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 136.93 | 1.63 | 135.98 | 140 | 134 | 140 | 0.32 |
2 b | 14 | 136.29 | 1.63 | 135.34 | 139 | 133 | 139 | 0.76 | |
3 c | 13 | 135.85 | 1.14 | 135.16 | 138 | 134 | 138 | 0.52 | |
4 d | 14 | 135.29 a | 1.32 | 134.52 | 138 | 133 | 138 | 0.02 | |
Total | 55 | 136.09 | 1.54 | 135.67 | 140 | 133 | 140 | ||
K (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 4.25 | 0.37 | 4.04 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0.56 |
2 b | 14 | 4.24 | 0.19 | 4.13 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0.87 | |
3 c | 13 | 4.41 | 0.38 | 4.18 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0.54 | |
4 d | 14 | 4.02 a | 0.33 | 4.10 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0.03 | |
Total | 55 | 4.30 | 0.32 | 4.21 | 5 | 4 | 5 | ||
Ca (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 1.12 | 0.04 | 1.09 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.67 |
2 b | 14 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.82 | |
3 c | 13 | 1.17 | 0.05 | 1.14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.41 | |
4 d | 14 | 1.15 | 0.03 | 1.13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.62 | |
Total | 55 | 1.14 | 0.04 | 1.13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cl (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 99.86 | 2.28 | 98.54 | 102 | 94 | 102 | 0.54 |
2 b | 14 | 101.43 | 1.69 | 100.45 | 103 | 96 | 103 | 0.62 | |
3 c | 13 | 101.15 | 2.19 | 99.83 | 105 | 98 | 105 | 0.87 | |
4 d | 14 | 102.14 a | 1.70 | 101.16 | 107 | 100 | 107 | 0.03 | |
Total | 55 | 101.15 | 2.10 | 100.58 | 107 | 94 | 107 | ||
TCO2 (mmHg) | 1 a | 14 | 26.09 | 1.80 | 25.05 | 29 | 23 | 29 | 0.56 |
2 b | 14 | 25.16 | 2.94 | 23.46 | 31 | 18 | 31 | 0.67 | |
3 c | 13 | 25.55 | 1.97 | 24.36 | 29 | 22 | 29 | 0.85 | |
4 d | 14 | 24.61 | 1.83 | 23.55 | 27 | 21 | 27 | 0.32 | |
Total | 55 | 25.35 | 2.20 | 24.76 | 31 | 18 | 31 | ||
Hct (% fraction) | 1 a | 14 | 24.50 | 1.22 | 23.79 | 26 | 22 | 26 | 0.56 |
2 b | 14 | 24.21 | 1.76 | 23.20 | 27 | 21 | 27 | 0.76 | |
3 c | 13 | 23.46 | 1.94 | 22.29 | 27 | 21 | 27 | 0.41 | |
4 d | 14 | 23.64 | 1.86 | 22.57 | 26 | 20 | 26 | 0.73 | |
Total | 55 | 23.96 | 1.72 | 23.50 | 27 | 20 | 27 | ||
cHgb (g/dL) | 1 a | 14 | 8.34 | 0.48 | 8.06 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 0.07 |
2 b | 14 | 8.24 | 0.58 | 7.90 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 0.09 | |
3 c | 13 | 7.93 | 0.65 | 7.54 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 0.13 | |
4 d | 14 | 8.00 | 0.61 | 7.65 | 79 | 7 | 9 | 0.67 | |
Total | 55 | 8.13 | 0.59 | 7.97 | 9 | 7 | 9 | ||
Glu (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 2.54 | 0.44 | 2.28 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0.74 |
2 b | 14 | 3.01 | 0.45 | 2.75 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0.57 | |
3 c | 13 | 2.78 | 0.30 | 2.59 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0.56 | |
4 d | 14 | 3.36 | 0.32 | 3.17 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0.32 | |
Total | 55 | 2.92 | 0.48 | 2.79 | 4 | 2 | 4 | ||
Lac (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 2.66 | 1.38 | 1.86 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 0.87 |
2 b | 14 | 1.36 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0.08 | |
3 c | 13 | 2.16 | 0.94 | 1.59 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 0.09 | |
4 d | 14 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.42 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0.76 | |
Total | 55 | 1.76 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 5 | 0 | 5 | ||
BUN (g/L) | 1 a | 14 | 12.07 | 2.61 | 10.56 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 0.56 |
2 b | 14 | 11.86 | 2.62 | 10.34 | 17 | 7 | 17 | 0.32 | |
3 c | 13 | 12.38 | 2.21 | 11.04 | 17 | 8 | 17 | 0.09 | |
4 d | 14 | 10.07 | 2.16 | 8.82 | 15 | 6 | 15 | 0.18 | |
Total | 55 | 11.58 | 2.52 | 10.90 | 17 | 6 | 17 | ||
Urea (g/L) | 1 a | 14 | 4.32 | 0.93 | 3.78 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0.09 |
2 b | 14 | 4.24 | 0.91 | 3.71 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0.76 | |
3 c | 13 | 4.46 | 0.74 | 4.01 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0.67 | |
4 d | 14 | 3.54 | 0.82 | 3.06 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0.76 | |
Total | 55 | 4.13 | 0.91 | 3.89 | 6 | 2 | 6 | ||
Crea (mmol/L) | 1 a | 14 | 74.07 | 11.52 | 67.42 | 98 | 56 | 98 | 0.67 |
2 b | 14 | 70.79 | 9.13 | 65.51 | 87 | 54 | 87 | 0.52 | |
3 c | 13 | 78.46 | 11.42 | 71.56 | 98 | 61 | 98 | 0.72 | |
4 d | 14 | 72.21 | 8.80 | 67.13 | 85 | 59 | 85 | 0.41 | |
Total | 55 | 73.80 | 10.39 | 70.99 | 98 | 54 | 98 | ||
Bun/Crea | 1 a | 14 | 14.65 | 3.33 | 12.73 | 21 | 10 | 21 | 0.65 |
2 b | 14 | 15.11 | 3.87 | 12.88 | 24 | 9 | 24 | 0.55 | |
3 c | 13 | 14.38 | 2.98 | 12.57 | 18 | 9 | 18 | 0.42 | |
4 d | 14 | 12.23 | 2.74 | 10.64 | 18 | 8 | 18 | 0.83 | |
Total | 55 | 14.09 | 3.36 | 13.18 | 24 | 8 | 24 | ||
pH | 1 a | 14 | 7.50 | 0.06 | 7.46 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 0.09 |
2 b | 14 | 7.49 | 0.04 | 7.46 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 0.45 | |
3 c | 13 | 7.49 | 0.04 | 7.46 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 0.32 | |
4 d | 14 | 7.54 | 0.04 | 7.51 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 0.74 | |
Total | 55 | 7.50 | 0.05 | 7.49 | 8 | 7 | 8 |
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Antanaitis, R.; Džermeikaitė, K.; Krištolaitytė, J.; Juodžentytė, R.; Stankevičius, R.; Palubinskas, G.; Rutkauskas, A. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior, Registered by Innovative Technologies and Blood Gas Parameters. Animals 2024, 14, 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162390
Antanaitis R, Džermeikaitė K, Krištolaitytė J, Juodžentytė R, Stankevičius R, Palubinskas G, Rutkauskas A. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior, Registered by Innovative Technologies and Blood Gas Parameters. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162390
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntanaitis, Ramūnas, Karina Džermeikaitė, Justina Krištolaitytė, Renalda Juodžentytė, Rolandas Stankevičius, Giedrius Palubinskas, and Arūnas Rutkauskas. 2024. "Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior, Registered by Innovative Technologies and Blood Gas Parameters" Animals 14, no. 16: 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162390