2D Kinematic Analysis of the Esbarrada and Volta Sobre Patas Manoeuvres of Criollo Breed Horses Competing in Freio de Ouro
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Kinematic Data Collection
2.4. Kinematic Variables
2.4.1. Esbarrada
2.4.2. Volta Sobre Patas
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Esbarrada
3.2. Volta Sobre Patas
4. Discussion
4.1. Esbarrada
4.2. Volta Sobre Patas
4.3. Limitations of the 2D Kinematic Model for Manoeuvre Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Joint | Limb | RFL and LFL Pooled | |
---|---|---|---|
RFL | LFL | ||
Shoulder (°) | 116.0 ± 10.8 | 119.2 ± 13.4 | 117.7 ± 6.4 |
Elbow (°) | 129.9 ± 9.9 | 130.4 ± 14.7 | 130.2 ± 6.5 |
Carpal (°) | 179.7 ± 4.87 | 182.0 ± 5.3 | 180.9 ± 3.4 |
Forelimb fetlock (°) | 220.1 ± 11.0 | 220.4 ± 10.9 | 220.3 ± 6.4 |
Joint | Limb | RHL and LHL Pooled | |
---|---|---|---|
RHL | LHL | ||
Lumbosacral (°) | 121.3 ± 9.5 | 126.1 ± 9.4 | 123.7 ± 5.7 |
Hip (°) | 86.4 ± 9.0 | 86.9 ± 8.2 | 86.6 ± 5.0 |
Stifle (°) | 143.5 ± 9.3 | 143.0 ± 9.0 | 143.2 ± 9.2 |
Hock (°) | 131.9 ± 13.8 | 131.7 ± 13.5 | 131.8 ± 10.0 |
Variable | Volta Sobre Patas Phases | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Set 1 (M1) | Set 2 (M1) | Total M1 | Set 1 (M2) | Set 2 (M2) | Total M2 | |
Total duration (s) | 4.4 ± 0.6 A | 4.7 ± 0.8 B | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 4.52 ± 0.9 a | 4.7 ± 1.0 b | 9.2 ± 1.9 |
Thoracic suspension (s) | 0.4 ± 0.2 A | 0.4 ± 0.2 B | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.41 ± 0.2 a | 0.4 ± 0.2 b | 0.83 ± 0.3 |
Phase | Limb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IFL | OFL | PHL | OHL | |
Stance (s) | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.4 |
Swing (s) | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.6 |
Maximum Angles | Limb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IFL | OFL | PHL | OHL | |
Abduction (°) | 12.3 ± 4.6 | 15.4 ± 4.7 | 9.4 ± 3.1 | 9.9 ± 4.4 |
Adduction (°) | 16.7 ± 4.9 | 12.9 ± 4.4 | 11.4 ± 8.2 | 8.7 ± 3.0 |
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Bonilla Lemos Pizzi, G.L.; Holz, K.; Kowalski, É.A.; Fonseca Ribeiro, P.; Blake, R.; Ferreira Martins, C. 2D Kinematic Analysis of the Esbarrada and Volta Sobre Patas Manoeuvres of Criollo Breed Horses Competing in Freio de Ouro. Animals 2024, 14, 2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162410
Bonilla Lemos Pizzi GL, Holz K, Kowalski ÉA, Fonseca Ribeiro P, Blake R, Ferreira Martins C. 2D Kinematic Analysis of the Esbarrada and Volta Sobre Patas Manoeuvres of Criollo Breed Horses Competing in Freio de Ouro. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162410
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonilla Lemos Pizzi, Gino Luigi, Karina Holz, Éverton Augusto Kowalski, Priscila Fonseca Ribeiro, Roberta Blake, and Charles Ferreira Martins. 2024. "2D Kinematic Analysis of the Esbarrada and Volta Sobre Patas Manoeuvres of Criollo Breed Horses Competing in Freio de Ouro" Animals 14, no. 16: 2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162410