Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of Endangered Sturgeon: Caviar, Meat and By-Product Benefits
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. From Roe to Caviar—Nutritional Profile and Preservation
2.1. Nutritional Profile of Sturgeon Roe
2.1.1. Water Content
2.1.2. Protein Content
2.1.3. Lipid Content
2.1.4. Carbohydrate Content
2.1.5. Amino Acid Composition
2.1.6. Fatty Acids Profile
2.1.7. Minerals and Vitamins
2.2. Raw Eggs versus Caviar—Nutritional Status
3. Sturgeon Meat—Main Product or By-Product?
3.1. Nutritional Profile of Sturgeon Meat
3.1.1. Amino Acids Composition
3.1.2. Fatty Acids Profile
3.1.3. Minerals and Vitamins
4. Unlocking the Potential of Sturgeon By-Products
4.1. Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds from Sturgeon By-Products
4.1.1. Proteins and Active Peptides
4.1.2. Collagen and Gelatin
4.1.3. Lipids
4.1.4. Minerals
4.2. Current Progress and Studies on Sturgeon By-Products
4.2.1. Bones and Cartilage
4.2.2. Skin/Scales
4.2.3. Viscera
4.2.4. Sturgeon Oil
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scientific Name/Common Name | Origin | Type of Sample * | Water (g/100 g Wet Weight) | Protein (g/100 g Wet Weight) | Lipids (g/100 g Wet Weight) | Carbohydrates (g/100 g Wet Weight) | d (mm) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. baerii/Siberian sturgeon | Farmed (France) | Caviar | 53.02 ± 0.23 | 26.21 ± 1.14 | 10.90 ± 0.07 | - | 3.06 ± 0.25 | [26] |
Farmed (Italy) | Eggs | 59.50 ± 0.90 | 23.80 ± 0.80 | 14.90 ± 0.90 | - | - | [31] | |
Farmed (Italy) | Caviar | 57.30 ± 2.50 | 23.90 ± 2.20 | 14.90 ± 0.70 | - | - | [31] | |
Farmed (China) | Caviar | 51.80 ± 0.98 | 23.98 ± 0.78 | 14.23 ± 0.71 | - | - | [32] | |
Farmed (Poland) | Eggs | 64.00 | 19.82 ± 1.11 | 10.46 ± 1.09 | 2.51 ± 0.13 | [33] | ||
A. gueldenstaedtii/Russian sturgeon | Wild (Danube River/Romania) | Caviar | 41.90 ± 3.21 | 29.32 ± 0.92 | 17.13 ± 0.76 | - | 3.24 ± 0.15 | [26] |
Wild (Caspian Sea) | Caviar | 50.90 ± 2.32 | 27.01 ± 1.12 | 14.05 ± 1.20 | - | 3.01 ± 0.24 | [26] | |
Unspecified (Iran) | Caviar | 52.00 ± 0.80 | 24.00 ± 2.90 | 14.60 ± 2.40 | 4.60 ± 1.94 | - | [34] | |
Farmed (Italy) | Eggs | 53.90 ± 2.00 | 24.10 ± 1.00 | 19.70 ± 1.80 | - | - | [31] | |
Farmed (Italy) | Caviar | 52.70 ± 2.20 | 24.70 ± 1.20 | 19.10 ± 3.20 | - | - | [31] | |
A. persicus/Persian sturgeons | Unspecified (Iran) | Caviar | 51.50 ± 0.50 | 24.20 ± 1.30 | 14.70 ± 0.50 | 5.40 ± 0.60 | - | [34] |
A. ruthenus/sterlet sturgeon | Farmed (Korea) | Caviar | 51.32 | 25.43 | 13.21 | - | - | [35] |
A. schrenckii/Amur sturgeon | Farmed (China) | Caviar | 48.65 ± 0.90 | 24.27 ± 1.93 | 15.99 ± 0.93 | - | - | [32] |
A. stellatus/stellate sturgeon | Wild (Danube River/Romania) | Caviar | 38.52 ± 3.01 | 31.13 ± 1.53 | 16.96 ± 0.83 | - | 2.85 ± 0.34 | [26] |
Wild (Caspian Sea) | Caviar | 51.81 ± 3.59 | 27.59 ± 1.72 | 14.58 ± 1.20 | - | 2.67 ± 0.19 | [26] | |
A. transmontanus (white sturgeon) | Farmed (Italy) | Eggs | 57.10 ± 1.30 | 24.90 ± 0.60 | 16.10 ± 1.20 | - | - | [31] |
Farmed (Italy) | Caviar | 54.60 ± 0.90 | 24.00 ± 1.30 | 17.70 ± 1.20 | - | - | [31] | |
H. huso (beluga sturgeon) | Wild (Danube River/Romania) | Caviar | 37.10 | 30.49 | 19.41 | - | 3.47 ± 0.23 | [26] |
Wild (Caspian Sea) | Caviar | 52.93 ± 1.23 | 28.44 ± 1.12 | 15.16 ± 1.09 | - | 3.75 ± 0.27 | [26] | |
Wild (Caspian Sea/Iran) | Eggs | 64.10 ± 2.10 | 15.11 ± 0.97 | 14.87 ± 1.00 | - | [36] | ||
Farmed (Iran) | Eggs | 64.83 ± 0.46 | 14.56 ± 0.20 | 14.55 ± 0.60 | - | [36] | ||
Wild (Caspian Sea/Iran) | Eggs | 56.21 ± 4.26 | 25.43 ± 2.83 | 14.80 ± 1.74 | - | - | [37] | |
Farmed (Iran) | Eggs | 57.29 ± 3.23 | 23.81 ± 3.88 | 15.67 ± 2.16 | - | 3.00–5.00 | [37] | |
Wild (Caspian Sea) | Caviar | 51.26 ± 0.21 | 26.56 ± 0.11 | 16.06 ± 0.16 | - | [38] | ||
Farmed (Iran) | Caviar | 51.40 ± 0.28 | 26.37 ± 0.65 | 16.35 ± 0.18 | - | [38] | ||
Unspecified (Iran) | Caviar | 48.40 ± 2.20 | 24.70 ± 0.30 | 15.90 ± 2.00 | 6.90 ± 1.40 | - | [34] | |
Hybrid (A. schrenckii × H. dauricus) | Farmed (China) | Caviar | 47.72 ± 1.62 | 25.55 ± 1.82 | 16.22 ± 1.12 | - | - | [32] |
Scientific Name/Common Name | Origin | Age | Water (g/100 g Wet Weight) | Protein (g/100 g Wet Weight) | Lipids (g/100 g Wet Weight) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. baerii/Siberian sturgeon | Farmed (Italy) | Adult | 75.50 ± 1.60 | 17.60 ± 0.50 | 5.60 ± 1.70 | [31] |
Farmed (China) | Juveniles | 74.00 ± 1.10–77.40 ± 0.70 | 15.70 ± 0.30–16.50 ± 0.10 | 5.80 ± 0.50–8.60 ± 1.20 | [58] | |
Farmed (Italy) | 3.5–4.5 Y | 72.11 ± 0.58 | 19.47 ± 0.24 | 7.76 ± 0.59 | [59] | |
Farmed | 1 Y+ | 75.20 ± 0.75 | 14.30 ± 0.72 | 9.50 ± 0.39 | [60] | |
A. gueldenstaedtii/Russian sturgeon | Farmed (Turkey) | Juveniles | 76.21 ± 0.09–78.24 ± 0.05 | 10.71 ± 0.04–11.63 ± 0.02 | 4.65 ± 0.03–6.05 ± 0.07 | [61] |
Farmed (China) | Juveniles | 78.10 ± 0.85–79.74 ± 0.38 | 16.12 ± 0.42–16.96 ± 0.21 | 2.54 ± 0.21–2.60 ± 0.03 | [62] | |
Farmed (Turkey) | Juveniles | 74.72 ± 0.10–78.18 ± 0.23 | 18.44 ± 1.53–20.78 ± 0.24 | 3.41 ± 0.21–6.64 ± 0.42 | [63] | |
A. naccarii/Adriatic sturgeon | Farmed (Italy) | 3.5–4.5 Y | 69.81 ± 0.60 | 18.64 ± 0.27 | 10.64 ± 0.76 | [59] |
A. persicus/Persian sturgeon | South coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran) | Adult | 63.20 ± 0.41 | 21.40 ± 0.38 | 13.10 ± 1.13 | [64] |
A. transmontanus/white sturgeon | Farmed (Italy) | Adult | 75.20 ± 3.30 * 77.70 ± 1.10 ** | 19.60 ± 0.80 * 18.60 ± 0.50 ** | 3.90 ± 2.50 * 2.60 ± 0.80 ** | [31] |
Farmed (Italy) | 3.5–4.5 Y | 75.55 ± 0.54 | 19.57 ± 0.28 | 4.49 ± 0.41 | [59] | |
Farmed (Italy) | Adult (3–5 Y) | 76.35 ± 0.98–77.41 ± 1.05 | 18.66 ± 0.59–18.98 ± 0.73 | 2.50 ± 1.04–3.36 ± 0.74 | [65] | |
H. huso/beluga sturgeon | Farmed (Iran) | Adult | 70.75 ± 1.34 | 18.45 ± 0.49 | 4.25 ± 0.91 | [27] |
Hybrid (A. baerii × A. medirostris) | Farmed (Poland) | 1 Y+ | 77.40 ± 0.44 | 15.20 ± 0.41 | 6.40 ± 0.47 | [60] |
Hybrid A. baerii × (A. baerii × A. medirostris) | Farmed Poland | 1 Y+ | 73.52 ± 0.55 | 16.51 ± 0.38 | 8.90 ± 0.47 | [60] |
Fatty Acids | H. huso | Acipenser spp. | A. baerii | A. naccarii | A. transmontanus | A. gueldenstaedtii | A. naccarii × A. baerii | A. baerii × A. medirostris | A. baerii × (A. baerii × A. medirostris) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΣSFA | 29.93 | 33.61 | 25.99 | 24.75 | 27.00 | 19.20 | 26.34 | 26.88 | 31.90 a 29.95 b | 23.40 e 24.50 f | 23.39 c 24.58 d | 26.76 | 25.84 | 26.71 |
ΣMUFA | 41.93 | 32.46 | 46.00 | 44.89 | 39.90 | 45.50 | 47.7 | 45.39 | 69.30 a* 70.10 b* | 42.70 e 31.30 f | 38.4 c 27.86 d | 37.92 | 46.15 | 46.21 |
ΣPUFA | 32.44 | 21.30 | 22.4 | 25.21 | 32.90 | 35.30 | 20.17 | 21.81 | 69.30 a* 70.10 b* | 33.90 e 44.20 f | 37.62 c 47.56 d | 34.7 | 28.01 | 27.08 |
Σn-3 | 7.24 | 17.48 | 18.09 | 19.98 | 20.20 | 15.00 | 16.66 | 17.62 | 21.10 a 23.40 b | 18.50 e 24.70 f | 14.13 c 14.36 d | 30.19 | 22.68 | 19.58 |
Σn-6 | 25.31 | 3.54 | 4.31 | 5.23 | 9.99 | 20.40 | 3.51 | 4.18 | 8.55 a 9.10 b | 15.40 e 19.50 f | 23.49 c 33.21 d | 4.48 | 5.32 | 6.59 |
n-3/n-6 | 0.28 | 4.94 | 4.26 | 3.83 | 2.04 | 0.70 | 4.74 | 4.21 | 2.47 a 2.64 b | 1.20 e 1.40 f | 0.6 c 0.43 d | 6.74 | 4.26 | 2.97 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.55 | 4.65 | 5.63 | 6.54 | - | 3.90 | 4.81 | 5.55 | - | 5.70 e 8.60 f | 1.99 c** 2.31 d** | 9.40 | 6.04 | 5.46 |
C22:6n-3 | 2.17 | 12.41 | 9.18 | 9.70 | - | 7.30 | 8.77 | 9.06 | - | 9.70 e 12.30 f | - | 15.01 | 11.28 | 9.34 |
Reference | [70] | [66] | [69] | [59] | [71] | [31] | [59] | [59] | [65] | [31] | [63] | [72] | [60] | [60] |
By-Product | Valuable Components | Possible Uses |
---|---|---|
Heads | Proteins, peptides, lipids, collagen, gelatin, minerals (calcium) | Food industry, fish meal, food grade hydrolysates, pet food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics |
Frames (bones, flesh, fins) | Proteins, peptides, lipids, collagen, gelatin, minerals (calcium) | Food industry, fish meal, food grade hydrolysates, pet food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics |
Cartilage | Proteins, peptides, collagen, gelatin, | Food industry, health supplements, cosmetics, organic fertilizer, animal feed additive |
Bladder | Isinglass | Foods and drinks industry (for the clarification of beer and wine) |
Skin | Collagen, gelatin, protein, peptides, lipids, minerals | Fashion industry (leather), food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fish meal, fish oil |
Viscera | Proteins, peptides, lipids, enzymes | Fish oil, fish meal, organic fertilizer, animal feed additive, biofuel |
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Dudu, A.; Georgescu, S.E. Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of Endangered Sturgeon: Caviar, Meat and By-Product Benefits. Animals 2024, 14, 2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162425
Dudu A, Georgescu SE. Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of Endangered Sturgeon: Caviar, Meat and By-Product Benefits. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162425
Chicago/Turabian Style(Stroe) Dudu, Andreea, and Sergiu Emil Georgescu. 2024. "Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of Endangered Sturgeon: Caviar, Meat and By-Product Benefits" Animals 14, no. 16: 2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162425