Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Ruminant Feed Ingredients, Supplements, and Their Efficiency
2.1. Feed Ingredients and Supplements
2.2. Feed Efficiency
2.3. Protein Supplementation in Ruminant Feed
2.4. Microbial Supplementation in Ruminant Feed
3. Filamentous Fungi Cultivation, Composition, and Characteristics
3.1. Filamentous Fungi Cultivation
3.2. Aspergillus Oryzae Cultivation Potentials
3.2.1. Ethanol Industry Residues for A. oryzae Cultivation
3.2.2. Pulp and Paper Industry Residues for A. oryzae Cultivation
3.2.3. Food Industry Residues for A. oryzae Cultivation
3.3. Nutritional Profile of Filamentous Fungi
Glucose | Vinasse | BYW | SSL60 | SNL50 | SSL60 | POPE | SPW | SBM | RSM | FM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO | NI | RO | AO | NI | RO | AO | AO | AO | RO | AA | AO | RO | ||||
Crude protein | 45.7 | 62.2 | 50.6 | 44.7 | 57.6 | 50.9 | 43.8 | 44.4 | 46.3 | 44.9 | 39.6 | 45.7 | 49.7 | 43.3 | 33.7 | 31.8 |
Essential amino acids % CP | ||||||||||||||||
Arginine | 5.5 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 10.4 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 6.1 | ||
Histidine | 1.9 | 2.12 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 7.5 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | ||
Isoleucine | 3.2 | 3.46 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
Leucine | 5.3 | 5.95 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 7.1 |
Lysine | 5.9 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 7.2 | 15.5 | 17.8 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 7.4 |
Methionine | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
Phenylalanine | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 11.1 | 9.4 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Threonine | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 12. | 12.4 | 11.2 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.1 |
Valine | 4.1 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.8 |
Sum of AAs | 34.2 | 36.5 | 29.9 | 31.6 | 27.3 | 28.4 | 31.5 | 55.2 | 53.6 | 53.2 | 54.1 | 52.4 | 56.5 | 43.5 | 40.0 | 42.6 |
Fatty acid content g/Kg DM | ||||||||||||||||
Lipid % | 6.9 | 4.0 | 17.2 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 9.8 | ||||
Myristic acid C14:0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
Palmitic acid C16:0 | 13.8 | 5.0 | 34.9 | 13.9 | 6.1 | 12.5 | 18.1 | 14.8 | 12.5 | 54.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.4 | |||
Palmitoleic acid C16:1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |||
Stearic acid C18:0 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 8.8 | 5.4 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | |||
Oleic acid C18:1 | 23.7 | 20.9 | 43.7 | 23.7 | 14.1 | 15.3 | 24.1 | 16.5 | 22.3 | 30.0 | 2.8 | 10.7 | 4.2 | |||
Linoleic acid C18:2 | 24.8 | 10.3 | 65.2 | 22.6 | 10.4 | 18.8 | 50.6 | 31.3 | 3.8 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 3.3 | |||
Linolenic acid C18:3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 12.3 | ||||
Macronutrient content g/kg DM | ||||||||||||||||
Calcium | 1.0 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 23.8 | 58.5 | 26.4 | 56.3 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 8.3 | 4.5 | |
Potassium | 11.3 | 9.3 | 1.3 | 12.0 | 15.8 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 11.2 | 12.8 | 7.4 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 21.2 | 12.3 | 10.3 | |
Phosphorus | 12.4 | 17.5 | 21.2 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 16.4 | 27.5 | 17.2 | 16.7 | 20.5 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 6.2 | 11.4 | 8.0 | |
Magnesium | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 4.3 | |||
Sodium | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | |
Sulfur | 4.6 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 3.6 |
4. Protein Digestion in Ruminants
5. Single-Cell Protein in Ruminant Feed
5.1. The Effect of Aspergillus Oryzae Supplementation on Ruminal Digestion
5.1.1. Effect on Dry Matter Digestibility
5.1.2. Effect on Rumen Microbiota
5.2. Effect of Aspergillus Oryzae Supplementation on Ruminant Products
Figure | Concentration | Form of Addition | Subject Animals | Variables | Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO | 3 g/d | Added with 5.6% tallow | 28 Holstein cows | Milk production, dry matter intake | Did not stimulate any variables. | [153] |
AO extract, Amaferm® | 1 g/d | Supplemented into 85% concentrate diet | 48 lambs | Growth and carcass characteristics | ADG increased. | [232] |
SC with AO | 0.5 g/d SC plus 3 g/d AO | Whole-shelled corn or high-moisture corn | 48 lambs | Growth and carcass characteristics | BW increased. | [232] |
SC with AO | 10 g/d SC plus 3 g/d AO | Supplemented into diet (60% rolled barley and 40% timothy hay) | 40 dairy cows | DMI and milk yield and composition | Higher daily milk production, better weight gain. | [25] |
AO | 3 g/d | Inclusion in silage and TMR | 7 dairy cows | Milk yield and composition | Increased yield, 4% FCM. | [217] |
AO and/or SC | 3.5 g/d | Supplemented into the basal diet | 80 multiparous lactating cows | Lactation performance | Increased feed intake and daily milk production. | [26] |
AO | 113 g/day | Supplemented into the basal diet with 35% whole cottonseed | 108 Holstein cows | Milk production | Decreased milk production and feed intake. | [174] |
AO culture | 3 g/d | Supplemented into steam-flaked and steam-rolled corn | 32 multiparous Holstein cows | Milk yield and compositions | Increased protein and SNF percentage. | [218] |
AO extract | 3 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR plus 136 g of rice mill by-product | 110 multiparous lactating cows | Rumen metabolites and milk production | Increased SNF percentage, lower blood urea N concentrations. | [216] |
AO extract | 5 g/day | Supplemented into the TMR | 282 multiparous Holstein cows | Milk production and composition | Lesser concentration and yield of milk true protein compared to control group. | [227] |
AO extract with yeast culture | 56 g/d (yeast culture) plus 3 g/d (A. oryzae) | Supplemented into the TMR | 521 Pluriparous Holstein cows | Milk yield and composition | Lower percentages of lactose and SNF. | [233] |
AO extract containing α-amylase activity | 12 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR | 150 lactating cows from 45 commercial dairy herds | Milk production and composition | Slight milk yield increase, lower milk fat percentage. | [234] |
AO fermentation extract | 15 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR (alfalfa hay and steam-flaked corn) | 33 Holstein cows (22 multiparous and 11 primiparous) | Productive variables in transition dairy cows | Increased milk production, decreased plasma non-esterified fatty acids. | [221] |
AO fermentation extract | 15 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR (corn silage and rolled corn) | 2455 multiparous Holstein cows | Milk yield and compositions | Decreased milk yield, increased milk fat content. | [221] |
AO fermentation extract | 3 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR | 210 early-lactation Holstein cows | Milk yield and compositions | Increased milk production, increased FCM 3.5%. | [171] |
AO fermented culture | 10% (w/w) levels | Added to a commercial concentrate (GT-03) | 15 Garut sheep | Dry matter intake | Increased protein intake and organic matter. | [235] |
AO fermentation extract | 1.5 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR | 64 lactating cows | Digestibility of CP, NDF, and DM | Increased DMI. | [162] |
AO fermentation extract non-ionic surfactant | 100 g/d (prepartum) 150 g/d (postpartum) | Supplemented into the TMR | 40 Holstein dairy cows | Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production | Greater DMI in the transitional period, increased milk fat content. | [164] |
AO fermentation extract | 2 g/d | Top-dressed on texturized starter ration | 52 bull calves | Growth rate at weaning age and rumen development | Tended to increase ADG. | [165] |
AO culture | 3 g/d | Supplemented into the diet (70% concentrate and 30% forage) | 2 dry and 2 lactating cows | Nutrient utilization | Increased rumen and total tract digestibility of fiber fractions. | [77] |
AO fermentation extract | 3 g/d | Top-dressing at the morning feeding plus 87 g of ground sorghum | 46 lactating cows (20 primiparous and 26 multiparous) | Milk production and composition | Increased milk production. | [166] |
6. Perspectives for Circular Bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substrate | Substrate Loading | pH | Temperature (°C) | CP% | Working Volume | Main Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Synthetic medium VFAs | 3–18 g/L of mixture of acetic propionic, butyric, and caproic acid | 5–8 | 35 | <41 | 250 mL | The fungal growth inhibition increased with increasing acid concentration. | [83] |
Winery wastewater treatment | 50 mL | 4–6 | 30 | 35.3 | 250 mL | To obtain the protein-rich fungal biomass, the biorefinery can be used in winery waste streams. | [93] |
Oat flour | 20 g/L oat flour, 10 g/L sucrose, and 100 mL cooking oil | 5 | 35 | 37 | 26 L | - | [94] |
Fish processing wastewater | 3 L salt brine | 5.5 | 35 | 54 | 4.5 L | A. oryzae has the potential to be cultivated on different wastewater streams. | [95] |
Brewer spent grain | 14.6 g of wet BSG | 5.5 | 35 | 30.52 | 250 mL | The hydrothermal pretreatment can increase both solubilization of the substrate and the protein content of the produced biomass. | [96] |
Black liquor | - | 5.5 | 35 | 47.6 | 4 L | Compared to other fungal strains, A. oryzae has the highest yield of production using black liquor. | [86] |
Vinasse | 21 g/L for 5% vinasse solution | 5–6.5 | 35 | 44.7 | 250 mL | Vinasse which is diluted 95% (v/v) supports the highest growth rate. | [85] |
Agro-industrial residuals | 14 g/L agro-industrial by-products and 11.5 g/L whey powder | 5.5 | 24 | - | 500 mL | The optimum volume of free air must be about five time higher than the volume of medium to achieve the highest rate of production. | [97] |
Glucose | 30 g/L glucose | 5–6.5 | 35 | 45.7 | 250 mL | - | [84] |
Starch-processing wastewater (SPW) | - | 5.2 | 38 | 46.7 | - | Semicontinuous process of fungal cultivation using SPW has a higher productivity. | [98] |
Grape marc residue | 15 g of dried grape marc residues | - | 30 | 23 | 250 mL | The produced biomass can be a good feed supplement since it has more than 50% dry matter digestibility. | [99] |
Wastewater of cocoyam | 200 mL | 4.5 | 35 | - | 500 mL | By the addition of urea, the protein level of the produced A. oryzae biomass will increase about two times. | [89] |
VFAs from food waste and cow manure | 50 mL | 6 | 35 | Up to 41 | 250 mL | Using VFAs produced from food wastes as the substrate, protein-rich biomass production can be achieved. | [83] |
Thin stillage | 50 mL of medium | 5.5 | 30–45 | 48 | 250 mL | A. oryzae can be preferable for cultivation on thin stillage compared to S. cerevisiae since it can consume pentose sugars. | [90] |
Deoiled rice bran | 10 g | 3–7 | 36–45 | 43 | 500 mL | - | [100] |
Soybean husk and flour mill | 1 g | 6 | 30 | 10 | Solid state fermentation | - | [101] |
Baker yeast wastewater | 50 mL | 5.3 | 30 | 43.8 | 250 mL | Nitrogen supplementation increases the protein content by 12%. | [102] |
Wheat kernel | - | - | 30–35 | - | SSF | For obtaining a higher biomass yield, pretreatment is essential. | [91] |
Fruit wastes | - | - | 28 | 57.3 | - | A. oryzae fungal biomass grows optimally on pomegranate rind and pineapple skin. | [103] |
Whole stillage | 1 L | 5 | 35 | 42.3 ± 1.7 | 2.5 L | - | [104] |
Dairy wastes mixture | 100 mL of medium | 4–7 | 35 | 30–40 | 250 mL | High concentration of lactic acid does not have a negative impact on degradation of fat by A. oryzae. | [105] |
Paper pulp | - | 6–9 | 30 | - | 500 mL | - | [106] |
Olive oil mill wastewater | 50 mL of olive oil mill wastewater | 5.2 | 35 | 32.3 | 250 mL | Addition of nitrogen source decreased cultivation time and increased biomass protein content. | [107] |
Glucose | 30 g/L glucose, 5 g/L yeast extract | 5.5 | 35 | 47 | 250 mL | A. oryzae has the potential to produce fungal biomass with high L-carnitine content. | [108] |
Pea-processing by-product (PpB) | 3.5 L PpB dissolved in distilled water | 6.1–6.5 | 35 | 43.1 | 4.5 L | PpB can be applied for the production of protein-rich biomass. | [109] |
Leaf and stalk | - | 5 | 30 | - | 150 mL | - | [110] |
Food industry by-products | - | 6.5 | 30 | 58.9 | - | - | [111] |
Treatment Methods | Protein Sources | Treatment Conditions | Digestibility Treatments | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heat treatment | Rapeseed meal (RM) | Mixed with water and heated at 110 °C for 30 min | In situ and in vitro intestinal analysis | RUP increased from 262 g/kg to 431 g/kg. | [133] |
Moist heat pressure | Canola meal | Heat at 127 °C with steam pressure of 117 kPa for 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min | Nylon bag, mobile nylon bag, in situ and in vitro techniques | Nitrogen disappearance declined in the rumen from 74.4% to 18.9% and increased in GI tract from 16.2 to 64.2% for control and CM heat treated for 45 min. | [134] |
Heat treatment | Soybean meal and fish meal | Heat at 120 °C and 130 °C for 30 min | Rumen degradation and CP partial digestibility in the digestive tract | RUP increased in TSBM 120 and 130 from 36.6 to 67.8 and 71.7%, respectively. | [135] |
Extrusion | Dehulled lupin (DL) and RM | Heat at 130 °C with 20% moisture for DL and 120 °C with 20% moisture | RUP increased in EDL by 8.9% and 37.35% in ERM. | [136] | |
Fat coating | Soybean meal | Coat with 10 and 25% long-chain fatty acids (palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA)) | In situ rumen degradation using nylon bag | RUP increased 76.57% to 82.47% and 90.92% in 8 h rumen degradation for 10% and 25% fat-coated soybean meal, respectively. | [137] |
Fat coating | Soybean meal | Coat with 400–500 g fat/kg at different ratios of PA and SA | In situ rumen incubation and in vitro intestinal protein digestibility | RUP increased from 262 g/kg to 308 and 364 g/kg for FL40 and FL50, respectively, at 100% PA coating. | [133] |
Lignosulfonate | Canola meal and soybean meal | Added 7% LSO3 and heated at 95 °C for 1 h | In vitro and in situ digestibility | RUP increased from 41.9% to 65.3% and from 30.9% to 63.3% in treated soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. | [138] |
Formaldehyde | Canola oil cake meal and sweet lupin seed | Added 40% (w/v) formaldehyde at concentration of 10 g/kg and 15 g/kg | In situ dry matter and crude protein digestibility | The CP effective degradation was decreased from 71.7% to 38.1% at formaldehyde concentration of 15 g/kg. | [139] |
Fungal Additive | Concentration | Form of Addition | Experimental Approach and Subject Animals | Variables | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO | 3 g/d | Added with 5.6% tallow | 28 Holstein cows | Neutral detergent fiber | Did not stimulate any variables. | [153] |
AO and AN | 30 mg | Supplemented into 500 mg of TMR, corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa hay | In vitro analysis | Gas production, DM, CP, ADF, NDF | Significantly increased in gas production, DM, CP, ADF, and NDF for all rations. | [22] |
AO and AN | 30 mg | Supplemented into oat hay and alfalfa hay | In vitro analysis | Molar proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio | The proportion and ratio of acetate:propionate was increased. | [22] |
AO and AN | 30 mg | Supplemented into TMR, oat hay, and alfalfa hay | In vitro analysis | Bacterial community | Increased Prevotella and decreased Ruminococcus counts. | [22] |
AO and SC | 10 g/d SC plus 3 g/d AO | Supplemented into diet (60% rolled barley and 40% timothy hay) | 8 steers | Ruminal fermentation and bacterial counts | Higher concentrations of acetate, propionate, and total VFAs tended to increase ruminal NH3-N concentration and decrease pH. | [25] |
AO | 2 g/d | Supplemented into diet (grass hay and barley) | 4 sheep | Ruminal fermentation and bacterial counts | Reduction in lactate and propionate in rumen. | [154] |
AO | 2 g/d | Supplemented into chopped barley straw (plus urea and minerals) | 8 sheep | Digestibility parameters and bacterial counts | Increased initial rate of feed degradation and total bacteria counts. | [151] |
AO and/or monensin | 500 mg/day | Supplemented into the diet (hay, barley, molasses, fish meal, and mineral/vitamin mix) | In vitro analysis (Rusitec) | Fermentation parameters, microbial community | Increased propionate and reduced butyrate, increased bacterial count, and non-significant reduction in protozoal numbers. | [155] |
AO extract with alpha-amylase activity | 450 FAU/kg DM | Supplemented into the basal diet | 24 multiparous Holstein cows | Total tract digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization | Increased CP and DM digestibility, isovalerate production, and live weight. | [156] |
AO fermentation extract (Amaferm®) | 5 mg of AO/mL | Added to bacteria culture media | In vitro analysis | Ruminal bacteria interactions between antimicrobial compounds | Increased the growth rates of the fiber-digesting bacteria and the lactate-utilizing bacteria and diminished the negative effects of chlortetracycline or neomycin compounds. | [24] |
AO fermentation extract (Amaferm®) | 1.2 g/L | Incubated with ground fibrous feedstuffs with rumen fluid and buffer inoculum | In vitro analysis | Fiber degradation | Increased NDF and ADF degradations. | [157] |
AO extract with yeast culture | 90 g/d of AO and yeast culture | Supplemented into the basal diet | 4 non-lactating Holstein cows | Nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters | Increased digestibility of CP, hemicellulose and DM increased acetate to propionate ratio. | [158] |
AO fermentation extract (Amaferm®) | 5 g/day | Supplemented into the basal diet | 64 multiparous Chinese Holstein cows | Rumen microbial community and activity | Increased populations of rumen fungi, increased MCP and the activity of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase). | [159] |
AO extract with yeast culture | 6.0 and 26 g/kg of DM | Supplemented into a pelleted calf starter | 40 buffalo calves | Nutrient digestibility | Increased total tract digestibility, higher average daily gain, higher digestibility of fiber. | [160] |
AO culture | 100 μL/50 mL incubation medium | Added to the cultures of ruminal microorganisms | In vitro | Ruminal fermentation | Decreased propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids. Increased the acetate:propionate ratio. | [161] |
AO fermentation extract (Amaferm®) | 1.5 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR | 64 lactating cows | Digestibility of CP, NDF, and DM | Increased DMI. | [162] |
AO culture | 900 mg/kg | Supplemented into the ration including corn, hay, steam bone meal, and wheat bran | 8 crossbreds wethers | Fiber digestion | Increased ADF degradation. | [163] |
AO fermentation extract non-ionic surfactant | 100 g/d (prepartum) 150 g/d (postpartum) | Supplemented into the TMR | 40 Holstein dairy cows | Dry matter intake | Greater DMI in the transitional period, Increased milk fat content. | [164] |
AO fermentation extract | 2 g/d | Top-dressed on texturized starter ration | 52 bull calves | Growth rate at weaning age and rumen development | Tended to increase ADG. | [165] |
AO culture extract | 0.25 mg/mL | Added to the fermentation of a basal ration | In vitro (Rusitec) | Stoichiometry of the rumen fermentation, microbial community | Eliminated the transient fall in pH, increased the acetate:propionate ratio and butyrate proportion, increased ammonia concentration, doubled the number of total viable bacteria, reduced protozoal numbers. | [76] |
AO culture | 3 g/d | Supplemented into the diet (70% concentrate and 30% forage) | 2 dry and 2 lactating cows | Nutrient utilization | Increased rumen and total tract digestibility of fiber fractions. | [77] |
AO fermentation extract | 3 g/d | Top-dressing at the morning feeding plus 87 g of ground sorghum | 47 lactating cows (20 primiparous and 26 multiparous) | Feed digestibility | Increased digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. | [166] |
AO fermentation extract | 0.6 g/d | Supplemented into the TMR | 4 Holstein dairy cows | Rumen operation condition | Increased pH, decreased the changing time. | [167] |
AO fermentation extract | 27 g/d | Added to a supplement based on soybean meal | 6 non-lactating beef cows | Ruminal fermentation | Higher total VFA, pH tended to be lower. | [168] |
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Uwineza, C.; Parchami, M.; Bouzarjomehr, M.; Taherzadeh, M.J.; Mahboubi, A. Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed. Animals 2024, 14, 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162427
Uwineza C, Parchami M, Bouzarjomehr M, Taherzadeh MJ, Mahboubi A. Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162427
Chicago/Turabian StyleUwineza, Clarisse, Milad Parchami, Mohammadali Bouzarjomehr, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, and Amir Mahboubi. 2024. "Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed" Animals 14, no. 16: 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162427