Detailed Comparison of Acoustic Signals from Rehabilitated and Wild Franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) Dolphins
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- 1.
- To describe and compare the detailed characteristics of the acoustic signals recorded from:
- a.
- Two neonates (<1 month old) in a rehabilitation centre.
- b.
- One juvenile (1–2 years old) in a rehabilitation centre.
- c.
- Wild animals of unknown age classes detected around gillnets in the coasts of Buenos Aires.
- 2.
- To identify patterns of repetition rates in click production
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.1.1. Neonate 1
2.1.2. Neonate 2
2.1.3. Juvenile
2.1.4. Wild Animals
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Click Parameters
- Peak frequency (kHz): frequency with highest amplitude in the power spectrum of the click.
- Centre frequency (kHz): estimated as the point dividing the spectrum in halves of equal energy, derived by the squared pressure over a 256-point (128 µs) window, symmetrical surrounding the peak of the signal envelope [43].
- Bandwidth (−3 dB): defined as the bandwidth around the peak frequency that contains half of the signal power [44].
- Bandwidth (rms): the root mean square bandwidth is defined as the spectral standard deviation around the centroid frequency on a linear scale (algorithm courtesy of J. Tougaard [44]).
- Duration (µs): estimated as the 80% energy of the clip that contains the signal [44].
2.2.2. Auditing—Click Trains
- At least 10 clicks.
- Clicks with good signal-to-noise ratio and clearly visible in the spectrogram.
- Low background noise levels, specially at frequencies over 50 kHz.
- Non-distorted waveform of individual clicks.
2.2.3. Auditing—Individual NBHF Clicks
- Good signal-to-noise ratio.
- No echo or another source of sound present in the clip.
- No overlap of the click with an echo or another source of sound.
- Polycyclic, with a bell-like envelope [27].
2.2.4. Classification of Click Train Types
2.2.5. Low-Frequency Clicks and Whistles
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NBHF Click Parameters
3.2. Classification of Click Train Types
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | IQR | CV | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bandwidth −3 dB (kHz) | ||||||
Neonates | 12.7 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 27.0 |
Juvenile | 9.0 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 17.0 |
Unknown | 11.6 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 22.4 |
Bandwidth rms (kHz) | ||||||
Neonates | 8.8 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 20.6 |
Juvenile | 4.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 6.7 |
Unknown | 4.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 13.4 |
Centre frequency (kHz) | ||||||
Neonates | 141.4 | 13.3 | 22.0 | 0.1 | 106.2 | 159.2 |
Juvenile | 134.4 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 125.8 | 144.6 |
Unknown | 135.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 114.3 | 140.0 |
Peak frequency (kHz) | ||||||
Neonates | 141.8 | 14.7 | 21.4 | 0.1 | 105.8 | 164.3 |
Juvenile | 133.9 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 126.0 | 147.4 |
Unknown | 134.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 113.6 | 141.8 |
Duration 80% (µs) | ||||||
Neonates | 61.2 | 43.5 | 34.0 | 0.7 | 24.0 | 268.0 |
Juvenile | 70.0 | 23.4 | 22.0 | 0.3 | 46.0 | 210.0 |
Unknown | 60.4 | 16.6 | 12.0 | 0.3 | 40.0 | 232.0 |
Compared Age Categories | Observed Diff | Critical Diff | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
−3 dB Bandwidth (kHz) | |||
Neonates—Juvenile | 99.9 | 42.3 | * |
Neonates—Unknown | 7.3 | 42.0 | N.S. |
Juvenile—Unknown | 107.2 | 35.3 | * |
RMS Bandwidth (kHz) | |||
Neonates—Juvenile | 233.8 | 42.3 | * |
Neonates—Unknown | 229.8 | 42.0 | * |
Juvenile—Unknown | 3.9 | 35.3 | N.S. |
Centre frequency (kHz) | |||
Neonates—Juvenile | 123.1 | 42.3 | * |
Neonates—Unknown | 87.1 | 42.0 | * |
Juvenile—Unknown | 36.6 | 35.3 | * |
Peak frequency (kHz) | |||
Neonates—Juvenile | 115.1 | 42.3 | * |
Neonates—Unknown | 93.6 | 42.0 | * |
Juvenile—Unknown | 21.5 | 35.3 | N.S. |
Duration 80% (µs) | |||
Neonates—Juvenile | 120.8 | 42.3 | * |
Neonates—Unknown | 51.0 | 42.0 | * |
Juvenile—Unknown | 69.8 | 35.3 | * |
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Vanina, G.G.; Cosentino, M.; Macchi, A.C.; Loureiro, J.P.; Heredia, S.R.; Alvarez, K.C.; Moron, S.G.; Rodriguez, D.H. Detailed Comparison of Acoustic Signals from Rehabilitated and Wild Franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) Dolphins. Animals 2024, 14, 2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162436
Vanina GG, Cosentino M, Macchi AC, Loureiro JP, Heredia SR, Alvarez KC, Moron SG, Rodriguez DH. Detailed Comparison of Acoustic Signals from Rehabilitated and Wild Franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) Dolphins. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162436
Chicago/Turabian StyleVanina, Giardino Gisela, Mel Cosentino, Agustina Camila Macchi, Juan Pablo Loureiro, Sergio Rodriguez Heredia, Karina Ceilia Alvarez, Sergio Gabriel Moron, and Diego Horacio Rodriguez. 2024. "Detailed Comparison of Acoustic Signals from Rehabilitated and Wild Franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) Dolphins" Animals 14, no. 16: 2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162436