Effects of Liquid Yucca Supplementation on Nitrogen Excretion, Intestinal Bacteria, Biochemical and Performance Parameters in Broilers
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Birds, Housing and Vaccinations
2.2. Diets and Experimental Design
2.3. Performance Parameters
2.4. Litter Sampling and Analysis
2.5. Evaluation of Intestinal Bacterial Flora
2.6. Biochemical Parameters
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance Measurements
3.2. Nitrogen, Moisture and Ash Content of the Litter
3.3. Evaluation of Intestinal Bacterial Count
3.4. Biochemical Parameters
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Starter (0–21) | Finisher (22–35) |
---|---|---|
Yellow Corn | 55.60 | 68.36 |
Soybean meal, 46% | 36.1 | 21.5 |
Full-fat soya bean | 4.5 | 7 |
DL-Methionine | 2.4 | 1.5 |
L-Lysine | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Mono-calcium phosphate | 1 | 0.75 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.7 | 1.4 |
Sodium chloride | 0.27 | 0.27 |
Vitamin and mineral premix * | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Choline chloride | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Physical anti-mycotoxin | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Anticoccidials | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Biological anti-mycotoxin | 0.025 | 0.025 |
Analyzed and calculated composition (%) | ||
Metabolizable energy (ME) kcal/kg diet | 3010 | 3175 |
Crude protein (CP) | 22.4 | 18 |
Ether extract (EE) | 3 | 4.3 |
Crude fiber (CF) | 2.18 | 2.8 |
Calcium (Ca) | 1.04 | 0.85 |
Available Phosphorous | 0.51 | 0.46 |
Linoleic acid | 1.5 | 2 |
Methionine | 0.58 | 0.45 |
Methionine + Cysteine | 0.98 | 0.79 |
Lysine | 1.44 | 1.1 |
Sodium (Na) | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Chloride (Cl) | 0.27 | 0.26 |
Parameter | Group 1 | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | ||
Body weight (iBW, g) | 174.46 ± 2.26 | 173.04 ± 2.31 | 173.15 ± 2.23 | 0.887 |
Final body weight (fBW, g) | 1832.28 ± 26.21 | 1857.07 ± 34.13 | 1869.46 ± 28.56 | 0.669 |
Body weight gain (BWG, g) | 1657.83 ± 23.99 | 1684.02 ± 31.87 | 1696.3 ± 26.37 | 0.604 |
Total feed intake (TFI, g) | 3172 a ± 15.72 | 3166.5 b ± 23.98 | 2809.3 c ± 18.95 | 0.005 |
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) | 1.93 ± 0.02 a | 1.91 ± 0.04 a | 1.67 ± 0.03 b | 0.05 |
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) | 2.41 ± 0.05 b | 2.44 ± 0.05 b | 2.88 ± 0.05 a | 0.05 |
Parameter | Group 1 | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | ||
Nitrogen (%) | ||||
Day 21 | 0.813 ± 0.013 a | 0.72 ± 0.023 b | 0.52 ± 0.023 c | 0.005 |
Day 35 | 1.20 ± 0.046 a | 0.72 ± 0.046 b | 0.56 ± 0.023 c | 0.005 |
Moisture (%) | ||||
Day 21 | 33.50 ± 0.12 a | 31.97 ± 0.15 b | 30.70 ± 0.06 c | 0.005 |
Day 35 | 32.97 ± 0.15 a | 30.77 ± 0.15 b | 29.97 ± 0.20 c | 0.005 |
Ash (%) | ||||
Day 21 | 22.80 ± 0.12 a | 22.23 ± 0.15 b | 22.17 ± 0.17 b | 0.039 |
Day 35 | 21.33 ± 0.20 a | 20.43 ± 0.22 b | 20.30 ± 0.15 b | 0.018 |
Parameter | Group 1 | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | ||
Day 10 | ||||
TCC × 109 | 7.4 ± 0.32 a | 6.5 ± 0.39 a,b | 6.3 ± 0.40 b | 0.018 |
E. coli × 107 | 8.2 ± 0.43 a | 6.3 ± 0.36 b | 6.1 ± 0.37 b | 0.017 |
L.A.B. × 108 | 1.4 ± 0.23 | 1.9 ± 0.19 | 1.8 ± 0.23 | 0.751 |
Day 18 | ||||
TCC × 109 | 6.4 ± 0.44 | 6.1 ± 0.33 | 6.0 ± 0.35 | 0.597 |
E. coli × 107 | 2.5 ± 0.28 a | 1.0 ± 0.08 b | 1.2 ± 0.13 b | 0.016 |
L.A.B. × 108 | 4.2 ± 0.47 | 5.1 ± 0.38 | 4.5 ± 0.35 | 0.743 |
Day 28 | ||||
TCC × 109 | 6.0 ± 0.37 a | 4.0 ± 0.33 b | 6.0 ± 0.28 a | 0.015 |
E. coli × 107 | 4.4 ± 0.39 | 3.5 ± 0.30 | 4.0 ± 0.32 | 0.653 |
L.A.B. × 108 | 4.0 ± 0.32 | 4.5 ± 0.34 | 4.2 ± 0.47 | 0.721 |
Item | Group 1 | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | ||
At 21st day | ||||
IgM (mg/100 mL) | 74.87 ± 0.22 | 77.68 ± 0.87 | 82.51 ± 0.38 | 0.810 |
IgG (mg/100 mL) | 183.86 ± 2.37 | 183.01 ± 1.89 | 184.46 ± 5.24 | 0.992 |
SOD (mg/dL) | 37.84 ± 2.38 b | 40.16 ± 1.5 b | 56.35 ± 1.88 a | 0.001 |
CAT (mg/dL) | 24.88 ± 1.74 b | 26.91 ± 1.8 b | 32.20 ± 0.84 a | 0.016 |
MDA (mg/dL) | 62.83 ± 2.61 | 57.97 ± 0.12 | 57.70 ± 1.17 | 0.567 |
GSH (mg/dL) | 37.02 ± 1.55 | 41.2 ± 1.47 | 40.61 ± 0.69 | 0.613 |
ALT (U/L) | 36.07 ± 1.49 | 34.84 ± 2.11 | 38.69 ± 1.21 | 0.941 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.971 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 1.99 ± 0.07 | 2.06 ± 0.08 | 2.08 ± 0.06 | 0.732 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 5.3 ± 0.07 | 5.36 ± 0.11 | 5.21 ± 0.09 | 0.578 |
Globulin (g/dL) | 3.33 ± 0.12 | 3.36 ± 0.19 | 3.13 ± 0.14 | 0.623 |
TGS (mg/dL) | 169.6 ± 16.21 | 143.11 ± 10.17 | 180.62 ± 17.41 | 0.376 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 247.06 ± 9.29 | 205.43 ± 12.99 | 254.12 ± 8.58 | 0.897 |
At 35th day | ||||
IgM (mg/100 mL) | 83.72 ± 2.26 | 80.01 ± 1.34 | 80.73 ± 1.57 | 0.899 |
IgG (mg/100 mL) | 201.36 ± 4.63 a | 201.84 ± 4.79 a | 80.73 ± 1.57 b | 0.001 |
SOD (mg/dL) | 48.02 ± 2.84 | 50.19 ± 1.18 | 50.52 ± 0.68 | 0.373 |
CAT (mg/dL) | 38.34 ± 2.91 c | 52.52 ± 0.98 b | 63.65 ± 2.7 a | 0.001 |
MDA (mg/dL) | 81.54 ± 1.79 a | 68.04 ± 2 b | 60.66 ± 0.42 c | 0.001 |
GSH (mg/dL) | 53.05 ± 2.65 c | 72.14 ± 1.67 b | 81.66 ± 1.74 a | 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 45.78 ± 2.04 | 45.41 ± 2.06 | 42.56 ± 2.69 | 0.750 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.836 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 2.13 ± 0.06 | 2.06 ± 0.12 | 2.13 ± 0.08 | 0.721 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 5.43 ± 0.06 | 5.56 ± 0.11 | 5.63 ± 0.09 | 0.597 |
Globulin (g/dL) | 3.24 ± 0.06 | 3.5 ± 0.16 | 3.5 ± 0.12 | 0.653 |
TGS (mg/dL) | 168.89 ± 16.53 | 182.76 ± 9.05 | 210.96 ± 15.62 | 0.456 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 223.17 ± 3.89 b | 254.53 ± 7.49 a | 224.44 ± 12.73 b | 0.018 |
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Ayoub, M.M.; Ahmed, H.A.; Sadek, K.M.; Alagawany, M.; Abd El-Hack, M.E.; Othman, S.I.; Allam, A.A.; Abdel-Latif, M.A. Effects of Liquid Yucca Supplementation on Nitrogen Excretion, Intestinal Bacteria, Biochemical and Performance Parameters in Broilers. Animals 2019, 9, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121097
Ayoub MM, Ahmed HA, Sadek KM, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Othman SI, Allam AA, Abdel-Latif MA. Effects of Liquid Yucca Supplementation on Nitrogen Excretion, Intestinal Bacteria, Biochemical and Performance Parameters in Broilers. Animals. 2019; 9(12):1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121097
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyoub, Mousa M., Hamada A. Ahmed, Kadry M. Sadek, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Sarah I. Othman, Ahmed A. Allam, and Mervat A. Abdel-Latif. 2019. "Effects of Liquid Yucca Supplementation on Nitrogen Excretion, Intestinal Bacteria, Biochemical and Performance Parameters in Broilers" Animals 9, no. 12: 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121097