Large Terrestrial Bird Adapting Behavior in an Urbanized Zone
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Domestic Cat Sampling
2.3. Historical Records of Red-legged Seriema at Luiz de Queiroz Campus
2.4. Monitoring of Red-legged Seriema Individuals
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Red-legged Seriema Behavior Classification
2.5.2. Spatial Analysis: Red-legged Seriema, Cats, and Cat-feeding Points
3. Results
3.1. Red-legged Seriema, Cats, and the Provision of Cat Food
3.2. Red-legged Seriema Behaviors
4. Discussion
4.1. Space Sharing between Red-legged Seriema, Cats, and Humans
4.2. Red-legged Seriema Adaptation to Urbanization
4.3. Red-legged Seriema and Free-ranging Cats—Future Conflicts?
4.4. Individual Bird Monitoring Based on Citizen Science in an Urban Ecosystem
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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General Behavior | Specific Behavior | |
---|---|---|
Code | Description | |
Interaction with cats (A1) | A1a | Fighting with cats or running away from them. |
A1b | Staying next to cats but without negative or positive interaction. | |
Interactions with urban structures (A2) | A2a | Climbing human-made structures (e.g., buildings, walls, poles, etc.) and performing other natural behaviors up there. |
A2b | Entering (or trying) into human facilities (e.g., buildings and other walled/gated spaces) | |
A2c | Agonistic behavior against human-made structures (e.g., fighting/playing with a pole, interacting with own reflection in windows or mirrors). | |
A2d | Difficulties to pass through or jump human-made structures (e.g., fences, gates, walls). | |
Feeding human-provided food (A3) | A3a | Eating cat food provided by humans. |
A3b | Consuming any other food provided intentionally or not by humans (e.g., waste, bread, fruits, water from the tap). | |
Exposition to car traffic (A4) | A4a | Calmly walking in the streets. |
A4b | Crossing the street, walking in front of, or through, cars in movement. | |
A4c | Resting among parked cars or below them. | |
A4d | Investigating parked cars. |
Behavior Category | n. | % | Specific Behavior | n. | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | Description | |||||
Resting (1) | 173 | 33.2 | 1a | Observing | 152 | 29.2 |
1b | Resting | 21 | 4.0 | |||
1c | Sleeping in the nest | |||||
1d | Sleeping on a branch | |||||
1e | Hiding | |||||
Locomotion (2) | 221 | 42.4 | 2a | Walking | 190 | 36.5 |
2b | Short flight | 12 | 2.3 | |||
2c | Long flight | 4 | 0.8 | |||
2d | Short run | 8 | 1.5 | |||
2e | Long run | 2 | 0.4 | |||
2f | Climbing on a branch | 5 | 1.0 | |||
Ingest/excretory (3) | 72 | 13.8 | 3a | Drinking | 7 | 1.3 |
3b | Eating | 62 | 11.9 | |||
3c | Eating crouched | 2 | 0.4 | |||
3d | Defecating | 1 | 0.2 | |||
Comfort/maintenance (4) | 21 | 4.0 | 4a | Preening the chest feathers | 3 | 0.6 |
4b | Preening the wing feathers | 4 | 0.8 | |||
4c | Preening the thigh feathers | 2 | 0.4 | |||
4d | Preening the tail | |||||
4e | Preening the cloaca | |||||
4f | Preening the dorsum | 2 | 0.4 | |||
4g | Preening the abdomen | |||||
4h | Dust bathing | 1 | 0.2 | |||
4i | Scratching the head | 1 | 0.2 | |||
4j | Scratching the neck | 1 | 0.2 | |||
4k | Scratching the beak | |||||
4l | Ruffling | 5 | 1.0 | |||
4m | Repositioning the wings | 1 | 0.2 | |||
4n | Stretching | 1 | 0.2 | |||
Social behavior (5) | 16 | 3.1 | 5a | Agonistic interspecific interaction | 4 | 0.8 |
5b | Agonistic intraspecific interaction | 5 | 1.0 | |||
5c | Air contact | 3 | 0.6 | |||
5d | Juvenile chasing | 4 | 0.8 | |||
Vocalization (6) | 19 | 3.6 | 6a | Short vocalization | 1 | 0.2 |
6b | Agonistic vocalization | 4 | 0.7 | |||
6c | Full vocalization | 14 | 2.7 | |||
TOTAL | 522 | 522 |
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Alexandrino, E.R.; Bogoni, J.A.; Navarro, A.B.; Bovo, A.A.A.; Gonçalves, R.M.; Charters, J.D.; Domini, J.A.; Ferraz, K.M.P.M.B. Large Terrestrial Bird Adapting Behavior in an Urbanized Zone. Animals 2019, 9, 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060351
Alexandrino ER, Bogoni JA, Navarro AB, Bovo AAA, Gonçalves RM, Charters JD, Domini JA, Ferraz KMPMB. Large Terrestrial Bird Adapting Behavior in an Urbanized Zone. Animals. 2019; 9(6):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060351
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandrino, Eduardo R., Juliano A. Bogoni, Ana B. Navarro, Alex A. A. Bovo, Rafael M. Gonçalves, Jacob D. Charters, Juan A. Domini, and Katia M. P. M. B. Ferraz. 2019. "Large Terrestrial Bird Adapting Behavior in an Urbanized Zone" Animals 9, no. 6: 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060351