Modern River-Sand Geochemical Mapping in the Manufahi Municipality and Its Surroundings, Timor-Leste: Implications for Provenance

A geochemical mapping of regional modern river-sand is performed to clarify geological information in the study area of Timor-Leste. Several areas of Timor-Leste including the study area in particular have limited geological information due to limited accessibility and dense vegetation coverage, and deformed, weathered, and erosion-covered materials. A total of 53 modern river sand samples were collected and analyzed. Ten major elements were determined by using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Areas characterized by clastic sedimentary rocks are recognized clearly by elevated concentrations of SiO${}_2$, Al${}_2$O${}_3$, and K${}_2$O. Meanwhile, areas covered by carbonate sedimentary rocks are detected by significant concentrations of CaO and MnO. The occurrences of the altered clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks of the Wailuli and Aitutu Formations due to metamorphic, silicification and other alteration processes were responsible for the elevated concentrations and positive correlation between SiO${}_2$, CaO, K${}_2$O, and MnO, and CaO, TiO${}_2$, and MnO in the midstream and near the downstream areas of the Clerec and Sahe River catchments. The positive correlation observed between TiO${}_2$, CaO and MnO may be ascribed to the presence of carbonate components associated with secondary Ti-bearing minerals, which are potentially formed through hydrothermal alteration processes.