Assessment of Groundwater Age in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin Using Tritium and Carbon-14 Isotope Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Hydrogeological Conditions
2.2. Laboratory Analysis of Samples
2.3. Groundwater Dating Using Tritium and Carbon-14
2.3.1. Tritium (H-3) Dating
2.3.2. Carbon-14 (C-14) Dating
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Tritium and Carbon-14 Concentrations in Groundwater
3.2. Tritium Concentration in Precipitation
3.3. Correlation Analysis
3.4. Spatial Distribution of Tritium and Carbon-14
3.5. Groundwater Age and Recharge Patterns
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No | Easting | Northing | Sampling Date | Developing Depth (m) | H-3 (TU) | Stdev H-3 | C-14 (pMC) | Stdev C-14 | δ13C (‰ PDB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 602295 | 1839904 | 4-Jan-2021 | 14 | 1.4 | 0.2 | |||
2 | 600407 | 1842006 | 4-Jan-2021 | 50 | 0.9 | 0.2 | |||
3 | 616923 | 1851267 | 4-Jan-2021 | 30 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
4 | 613255 | 1851023 | 4-Jan-2021 | 67 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
5 | 608606 | 1848613 | 4-Jan-2021 | 30 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
6 | 606620 | 1843865 | 4-Jan-2021 | 15 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
7 | 605476 | 1847506 | 4-Jan-2021 | 40 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 89.84 | 1.30 | −18.05 |
8 | 601125 | 1851004 | 4-Jan-2021 | 59 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 12.39 | 1.33 | −14.22 |
9 | 605204 | 1850300 | 5-Jan-2021 | 56 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |||
10 | 609197 | 1850982 | 5-Jan-2021 | 52 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
11 | 616346 | 1855177 | 5-Jan-2021 | 30 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 101.18 | 1.06 | −18.94 |
12 | 614400 | 1857277 | 5-Jan-2021 | 76 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |||
13 | 615984 | 1856135 | 5-Jan-2021 | 25 | 1.8 | 0.3 | |||
14 | 619555 | 1853641 | 8-Jan-2021 | 23 | 1.9 | 0.3 | |||
15 | 611270 | 1855997 | 8-Jan-2021 | 80 | 0.7 | 0.3 | |||
16 | 608074 | 1856158 | 8-Jan-2021 | 42 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 67.58 | 0.96 | −16.76 |
17 | 602538 | 1855320 | 8-Jan-2021 | 60 | 0.4 | 0.2 | |||
18 | 603576 | 1859119 | 8-Jan-2021 | 90 | 0.0 | 0.3 | |||
19 | 606887 | 1858930 | 9-Jan-2021 | 18 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |||
20 | 610687 | 1858179 | 9-Jan-2021 | 18 | 0.0 | 0.2 | |||
21 | 623533 | 1846509 | 9-Jan-2021 | 18 | 1.8 | 0.2 | |||
22 | 609873 | 1841337 | 9-Jan-2021 | 40 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |||
23 | 609873 | 1841337 | 9-Jan-2021 | 51 | 1.8 | 0.4 | |||
24 | 602317 | 1851835 | 9-Jan-2021 | 70 | 0.0 | 0.3 | |||
25 | 620689 | 1845633 | 9-Jan-2021 | 8 | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||
26 | 617375 | 1850958 | 8-Jan-2021 | 70 | 101.92 | 1.99 | −19.07 | ||
27 | 612589 | 1843856 | 8-Jan-2021 | 30 | 96.87 | 1.77 | −18.01 | ||
28 | 494565 | 2090158 | 17-Mar-2021 | 124 | 23.70 | 4.10 | −16.23 | ||
29 | 494565 | 2090158 | 18-Mar-2021 | 387 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 32.40 | 4.20 | −17.49 |
30 | 502177 | 2086173 | 19-Mar-2021 | 58 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||
31 | 506367 | 2083422 | 20-Mar-2021 | 90 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
32 | 513656 | 2077663 | 19-Mar-2021 | 103 | 33.90 | 4.50 | −13.77 | ||
33 | 513656 | 2077663 | 19-Mar-2021 | 44 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 44.20 | 1.90 | −15.06 |
34 | 515698 | 2069886 | 19-Mar-2021 | 186 | 0.4 | 0.2 | |||
35 | 515698 | 2069886 | 19-Mar-2021 | 129 | 46.10 | 4.70 | −17.31 | ||
36 | 492321 | 2067271 | 13-Mar-2021 | 62 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 85.40 | 3.90 | −16.46 |
37 | 492321 | 2067271 | 13-Mar-2021 | 120 | 90.20 | 2.60 | −15.51 | ||
38 | 478978 | 2028598 | 13-Mar-2021 | 140 | 41.70 | 2.20 | −14.42 | ||
39 | 478969 | 2028628 | 13-Mar-2021 | 130 | 63.20 | 2.40 | −17.93 | ||
40 | 502240 | 2062079 | 15-Mar-2021 | 78 | 69.30 | 4.50 | −16.95 | ||
41 | 502241 | 2062080 | 15-Mar-2021 | 148 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 44.00 | 3.00 | −15.55 |
42 | 507631 | 2056658 | 15-Mar-2021 | 52 | 19.00 | 2.50 | −14.65 | ||
43 | 507631 | 2056658 | 15-Mar-2021 | 136 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |||
44 | 491602 | 2072337 | 14-Mar-2021 | 195 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
45 | 481127 | 2056059 | 15-Mar-2021 | 62 | 2.1 | 0.2 | |||
46 | 481127 | 2056059 | 16-Mar-2021 | 116 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |||
47 | 488740 | 2054271 | 17-Mar-2021 | 134 | 21.10 | 2.70 | −14.48 | ||
48 | 488736 | 2054268 | 18-Mar-2021 | 48 | 1.0 | 0.1 | |||
49 | 494401 | 2047786 | 15-Mar-2021 | 199 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
50 | 494065 | 2048101 | 15-Mar-2021 | 243 | 6.20 | 2.30 | −11.25 | ||
51 | 494406 | 2047788 | 16-Mar-2021 | 73 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
52 | 497379 | 2043209 | 20-Mar-2021 | 194 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
53 | 497379 | 2043209 | 21-Mar-2021 | 119 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
54 | 497379 | 2043209 | 22-Mar-2021 | 152 | 0.7 | 0.2 | |||
55 | 497379 | 2043209 | 23-Mar-2021 | 52 | 0.8 | 0.2 | |||
56 | 467857 | 2040043 | 24-Mar-2021 | 122 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||
57 | 473326 | 2033863 | 25-Mar-2021 | 172 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
58 | 480200 | 2026500 | 26-Mar-2021 | 140 | 41.70 | 2.20 | −15.68 | ||
59 | 480200 | 2026500 | 27-Mar-2021 | 102 | 47.13 | 2.40 | −18.22 | ||
60 | 607206 | 1812732 | 23-Jan-2021 | 60 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
61 | 612462 | 1813254 | 24-Jan-2021 | 39 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||
62 | 631393 | 1809331 | 24-Jan-2021 | 30 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
63 | 640001 | 1802824 | 25-Jan-2021 | 32 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |||
64 | 651576 | 1800782 | 26-Jan-2021 | 18 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
65 | 607339 | 1824512 | 23-Jan-2021 | 42 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
66 | 617885 | 1825744 | 24-Jan-2021 | 60 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
67 | 631745 | 1823245 | 24-Jan-2021 | 60 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
68 | 622514 | 1839511 | 23-Jan-2021 | 46 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
69 | 640387 | 1809586 | 26-Jan-2021 | 56 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
70 | 640378 | 1802037 | 24-Jan-2021 | 48 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||
71 | 666284 | 1808527 | 24-Jan-2021 | 42 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
72 | 560033 | 1828331 | 12-Sep-2021 | 142 | 1.6 | 0.1 | |||
73 | 598284 | 1820327 | 12-Sep-2021 | 148 | 0.8 | 0.1 | |||
74 | 630620 | 1822037 | 12-Oct-2021 | 80 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 71.90 | 2.00 | −17.77 |
75 | 642749 | 1857853 | 12-Oct-2021 | 56 | 99.40 | 3.40 | −17.74 | ||
76 | 628401 | 1859572 | 12-Oct-2021 | 60 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 48.10 | 1.70 | −18.12 |
77 | 615894 | 1842075 | 12-Nov-2021 | 60 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 78.20 | 3.20 | −19.46 |
78 | 606460 | 1854500 | 12-Nov-2021 | 149 | 29.50 | 2.60 | −15.37 | ||
79 | 606450 | 1854524 | 12-Nov-2021 | 30 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 29.50 | 2.60 | −16.54 |
80 | 565464 | 1797140 | 13-Dec-2021 | 104 | 22.90 | 1.40 | −16.45 | ||
81 | 565464 | 1797139 | 13-Dec-2021 | 84 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 17.50 | 3.70 | −14.48 |
82 | 565466 | 1797138 | 13-Dec-2021 | 46 | 0.9 | 0.1 | |||
83 | 588931 | 1803041 | 13-Dec-2021 | 102 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 46.80 | 1.70 | −14.61 |
84 | 588923 | 1803030 | 13-Dec-2021 | 98 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 52.20 | 4.20 | −15.36 |
85 | 575680 | 1803513 | 13-Dec-2021 | 30 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 12.83 | 1.06 | −14.43 |
86 | 569101 | 1835841 | 14-Dec-2021 | 45 | 0.8 | 0.1 | |||
87 | 587830 | 1837715 | 14-Dec-2021 | 70 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
88 | 587753 | 1837671 | 14-Dec-2021 | 32 | 1.7 | 0.1 | |||
89 | 570318 | 1892276 | 14-Dec-2021 | 96 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 30.50 | 4.10 | −17.84 |
90 | 600424 | 1878180 | 15-Dec-2021 | 70 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 14.60 | 2.50 | −13.44 |
91 | 601285 | 1874112 | 15-Dec-2021 | 186 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
92 | 592532 | 1878578 | 15-Dec-2021 | 168 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 5.50 | 1.30 | −11.06 |
93 | 624927 | 1888363 | 16-Dec-2021 | 162 | 33.10 | 4.00 | −16.78 | ||
94 | 624930 | 1888358 | 16-Dec-2021 | 52 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 99.60 | 3.40 | −17.74 |
95 | 596811 | 1891242 | 17-Jan-2021 | 52 | 8.10 | 1.60 | −10.42 | ||
96 | 590809 | 1906861 | 18-Jan-2021 | 52 | 82.80 | 2.45 | −18.40 | ||
97 | 568164 | 1914424 | 18-Jan-2021 | 20 | 99.10 | 3.80 | −19.92 | ||
98 | 615890 | 1946465 | 18-Jan-2021 | 30 | 79.79 | 3.37 | −14.90 | ||
99 | 606000 | 1945234 | 18-Jan-2021 | 42 | 59.72 | 4.83 | −14.61 | ||
100 | 618401 | 1903197 | 20-Jan-2021 | 30 | 47.94 | 2.81 | −17.27 | ||
101 | 613402 | 1883313 | 21-Jan-2021 | 42 | 51.94 | 1.92 | −14.67 | ||
102 | 637176 | 1831754 | 21-Jan-2021 | 60 | 61.41 | 5.18 | −15.24 | ||
103 | 621900 | 1834170 | 22-Jan-2021 | 113 | 30.18 | 4.51 | −13.81 | ||
104 | 621900 | 1834170 | 22-Jan-2021 | 56 | 68.26 | 2.16 | −19.00 | ||
105 | 605416 | 1798633 | 16-Jan-2021 | 50 | 63.16 | 2.75 | −14.75 | ||
106 | 638241 | 1798138 | 22-Jan-2021 | 65 | 71.93 | 5.52 | −14.97 | ||
107 | 667092 | 1807303 | 22-Jan-2021 | 30 | 81.63 | 2.20 | −18.37 | ||
108 | 653553 | 1782015 | 23-Jan-2021 | 48 | 6.99 | 1.60 | −13.92 | ||
109 | 616797 | 1711149 | 27-Jan-2021 | 42 | 80.40 | 2.40 | −15.45 | ||
110 | 618191 | 1732662 | 26-Jan-2021 | 78 | 69.37 | 2.54 | −19.44 | ||
111 | 661351 | 1771511 | 23-Jan-2021 | 67 | 81.96 | 2.16 | −16.45 | ||
112 | 606054 | 1765319 | 26-Jan-2021 | 89 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 51.65 | 2.20 | −16.31 |
113 | 609659 | 1774818 | 26-Jan-2021 | 40 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||
114 | 575150 | 1780492 | 16-Jan-2021 | 32 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 52.43 | 2.24 | −14.75 |
115 | 604589 | 1753438 | 2-May-2021 | 21 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 31.70 | 1.45 | −15.40 |
116 | 569524 | 1806608 | 24-Apr-2021 | 33 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
117 | 555708 | 1823182 | 24-Apr-2021 | 42 | 2.2 | 0.3 | |||
118 | 596115 | 1917118 | 26-Apr-2021 | 39 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 89.90 | 1.90 | −16.56 |
119 | 631390 | 1870695 | 30-Apr-2021 | 33 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
120 | 640586 | 1845299 | 30-Apr-2021 | 42 | 0.6 | 0.2 | |||
121 | 622871 | 2039417 | 14-Sep-2021 | 32 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 97.00 | 2.00 | −19.66 |
122 | 623253 | 2038825 | 14-Sep-2021 | 72 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 99.77 | 2.32 | −17.67 |
123 | 621272 | 2036557 | 14-Sep-2021 | 12 | 2.3 | 0.3 | |||
124 | 621832 | 2034942 | 14-Sep-2021 | 36 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
125 | 621233 | 2046692 | 14-Sep-2021 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 120.30 | 10.41 | −16.52 |
126 | 621317 | 2046591 | 14-Sep-2021 | 4 | 106.35 | 5.32 | −17.94 | ||
127 | 621317 | 2046591 | 15-Sep-2021 | 20 | 2.1 | 0.2 | |||
128 | 621586 | 2046636 | 15-Sep-2021 | 180 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 15.50 | 2.39 | −13.70 |
129 | 627648 | 2043450 | 15-Sep-2021 | 76 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 65.50 | 1.95 | −17.74 |
130 | 626116 | 2050358 | 15-Sep-2021 | 36 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||
131 | 627180 | 2046388 | 15-Sep-2021 | 9 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |||
132 | 626816 | 2047687 | 15-Sep-2021 | 30 | 0.6 | 0.2 | |||
133 | 625751 | 2043475 | 15-Sep-2021 | 40 | 0.8 | 0.2 | |||
134 | 626165 | 2042467 | 15-Sep-2021 | 45 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 76.02 | 1.59 | −15.57 |
135 | 626165 | 2042467 | 15-Sep-2021 | 10 | 2.2 | 0.2 | |||
136 | 625092 | 2041359 | 16-Sep-2021 | 90 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 100.45 | 0.86 | −15.42 |
137 | 625827 | 2041013 | 16-Sep-2021 | 180 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |||
138 | 626211 | 2038685 | 16-Sep-2021 | 30 | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||
139 | 626211 | 2038685 | 16-Sep-2021 | 132 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 76.53 | 2.50 | −19.54 |
140 | 626090 | 2034632 | 16-Sep-2021 | 132 | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||
141 | 624927 | 2035484 | 16-Sep-2021 | 90 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.22 | 0.92 | −12.45 |
142 | 624927 | 2035484 | 16-Sep-2021 | 69 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.99 | 0.33 | −13.92 |
143 | 624927 | 2035484 | 16-Sep-2021 | 64 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
144 | 627022 | 2032091 | 17-Sep-2021 | 63 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 57.33 | 1.91 | −17.01 |
145 | 627380 | 2031290 | 17-Sep-2021 | 123 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
146 | 627184 | 2031357 | 17-Sep-2021 | 18 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |||
147 | 627385 | 2030987 | 17-Sep-2021 | 60 | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||
148 | 607872 | 2023187 | 17-Sep-2021 | 27 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |||
149 | 607872 | 2023187 | 17-Sep-2021 | 12 | 2.3 | 0.2 | |||
150 | 607872 | 2023187 | 17-Sep-2021 | 16 | 1.9 | 0.3 | |||
151 | 621846 | 2024819 | 17-Sep-2021 | 29 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 109.64 | 2.97 | −19.85 |
152 | 623843 | 2023736 | 17-Sep-2021 | 47 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 102.45 | 2.63 | −16.85 |
153 | 625848 | 2025284 | 17-Sep-2021 | 12 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
154 | 624088 | 2029109 | 17-Sep-2021 | 30 | 1.3 | 0.2 | |||
155 | 624385 | 2028802 | 17-Sep-2021 | 48 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
156 | 628901 | 2029253 | 18-Sep-2021 | 33 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
157 | 625938 | 2025702 | 18-Sep-2021 | 53 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
158 | 621317 | 2034606 | 18-Sep-2021 | 50 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 99.07 | 1.54 | −17.31 |
159 | 621317 | 2034606 | 18-Sep-2021 | 18 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
160 | 620954 | 2036112 | 18-Sep-2021 | 5 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |||
161 | 624512 | 2034019 | 18-Sep-2021 | 30 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 99.11 | 2.09 | −18.10 |
162 | 624512 | 2034019 | 18-Sep-2021 | 60 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 41.06 | 0.76 | −17.39 |
163 | 624195 | 2034007 | 18-Sep-2021 | 46 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 27.84 | 2.00 | −13.16 |
164 | 624195 | 2034010 | 18-Sep-2021 | 23 | 1.8 | 0.2 | |||
165 | 624865 | 2041542 | 18-Sep-2021 | 45 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 129.93 | 1.85 | −16.93 |
166 | 625276 | 2040475 | 18-Sep-2021 | 78 | 1.3 | 0.2 | |||
167 | 623572 | 2033733 | 18-Sep-2021 | 6 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
168 | 625764 | 2034591 | 18-Sep-2021 | 30 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 96.78 | 1.64 | −17.79 |
169 | 639889 | 20266232 | 18-Sep-2021 | 60 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
170 | 638076 | 2026324 | 18-Sep-2021 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.2 | |||
171 | 634709 | 2026451 | 18-Sep-2021 | 200 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 18.35 | 0.79 | −14.04 |
172 | 632112 | 2024152 | 18-Sep-2021 | 19 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |||
173 | 632112 | 2024152 | 18-Sep-2021 | 198 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 65.35 | 1.47 | −16.16 |
174 | 630702 | 2023828 | 18-Sep-2021 | 50 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 39.39 | 0.84 | −14.30 |
175 | 634864 | 2022890 | 20-Sep-2021 | 230 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 73.62 | 1.26 | −17.65 |
176 | 634864 | 2022890 | 20-Sep-2021 | 8 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |||
177 | 636183 | 2024199 | 20-Sep-2021 | 7 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |||
178 | 636183 | 2024199 | 20-Sep-2021 | 198 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 17.11 | 0.66 | −13.77 |
179 | 623236 | 2022710 | 20-Sep-2021 | 30 | 1.4 | 0.2 | |||
180 | 624372 | 2019089 | 20-Sep-2021 | 44 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 99.56 | 1.63 | −19.98 |
181 | 624377 | 2019080 | 20-Sep-2021 | 150 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 83.03 | 1.34 | −19.05 |
182 | 626117 | 2019793 | 21-Sep-2021 | 72 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 101.68 | 2.72 | −15.61 |
183 | 622460 | 2024278 | 21-Sep-2021 | 27 | 1.8 | 0.3 | |||
184 | 627971 | 2019533 | 21-Sep-2021 | 30 | 1.8 | 0.2 | |||
185 | 63877 | 2020145 | 21-Sep-2021 | 100 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 98.70 | 1.74 | −19.34 |
186 | 623797 | 2023797 | 21-Sep-2021 | 4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |||
187 | 624442 | 2021436 | 21-Sep-2021 | 70 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 98.85 | 2.66 | −19.80 |
188 | 627414 | 2019269 | 21-Sep-2021 | 24 | 1.1 | 0.2 | |||
189 | 630972 | 2020641 | 21-Sep-2021 | 30 | 0.9 | 0.2 | |||
190 | 632484 | 2021391 | 21-Sep-2021 | 180 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 98.33 | 2.00 | −15.66 |
191 | 627953 | 1999735 | 22-Sep-2021 | 100 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |||
192 | 628202 | 1999506 | 22-Sep-2021 | 100 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 52.09 | 1.18 | −15.00 |
193 | 628202 | 1999506 | 22-Sep-2021 | 87 | 0.6 | 0.2 | |||
194 | 628129 | 1999875 | 22-Sep-2021 | 99 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 7.55 | 0.43 | −10.42 |
195 | 628059 | 1999959 | 22-Sep-2021 | 78 | 0.8 | 0.4 | |||
196 | 628476 | 1998685 | 22-Sep-2021 | 120 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |||
197 | 624664 | 2004721 | 22-Sep-2021 | 86 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 82.02 | 2.22 | −17.31 |
198 | 625402 | 2005049 | 22-Sep-2021 | 60 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
199 | 623993 | 2002952 | 22-Sep-2021 | 79 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |||
200 | 622338 | 2004296 | 22-Sep-2021 | 112 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 12.82 | 0.55 | −14.46 |
201 | 622195 | 2005224 | 22-Sep-2021 | 120 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |||
202 | 620634 | 2006310 | 22-Sep-2021 | 56 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
203 | 620634 | 2006310 | 22-Sep-2021 | 64 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
204 | 620634 | 2006310 | 22-Sep-2021 | 98 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 89.03 | 2.41 | −17.18 |
205 | 618553 | 2006553 | 22-Sep-2021 | 77 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||
206 | 617397 | 2006751 | 22-Sep-2021 | 100 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
207 | 618770 | 2006243 | 22-Sep-2021 | 65 | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||
208 | 624442 | 2021436 | 22-Sep-2021 | 102 | 42.93 | 1.32 | −18.20 | ||
209 | 627414 | 2019269 | 22-Sep-2021 | 143 | 26.11 | 0.89 | −13.34 | ||
210 | 630972 | 2020641 | 22-Sep-2021 | 136 | 22.35 | 1.17 | −16.66 | ||
211 | 632484 | 2021391 | 22-Sep-2021 | 96 | 42.33 | 1.19 | −15.94 | ||
212 | 627953 | 1999735 | 22-Sep-2021 | 94 | 47.61 | 0.93 | −16.70 | ||
213 | 628202 | 1999506 | 22-Sep-2021 | 65 | 69.54 | 2.02 | −19.36 | ||
214 | 628202 | 1999506 | 22-Sep-2021 | 51 | 87.63 | 1.74 | −16.60 |
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Details | Ping Basin | Wang Basin | Yom Basin | Nan Basin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Watershed area (km2) | 33,989 | 10,791 | 24,089 | 34,964 |
Average rainfall (mm/year) | 1021 | 1065 | 1115 | 1275 |
Average groundwater level (m depth) | 10–15 | 8–15 | 14–20 | 11–14 |
Average elevation (msl) | 1524 | 1228 | 1134 | 1500 |
Highest elevation (msl) | 2580 | 2004 | 1763 | 2100 |
Lowest elevation (msl) | 16 | 120 | 14 | 14 |
Tritium Units (TU) | Groundwater Age |
---|---|
<5 | >50 years |
5–8 | 10–50 years |
8–12 | 5–10 years |
12–30 | Fusion explosion tritium |
>30 | Recharge in the 1960s |
Depth (m Below the Surface) | Mean Pearson’s Model Age (Year BP) |
---|---|
50–100 | 2515 ± 845 |
100–150 | 5854 ± 2292 |
150–200 | 8121 ± 3293 |
200–250 | 9542 ± 3034 |
250–300 | 16,513 ± 4627 |
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Laonamsai, J.; Kamdee, K.; Youngprawat, M.; Polee, C.; Saengkorakot, C.; Chanruang, P.; Uapoonphol, N.; Charoonchat, P.; Julphunthong, P. Assessment of Groundwater Age in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin Using Tritium and Carbon-14 Isotope Analysis. Geosciences 2024, 14, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14090231
Laonamsai J, Kamdee K, Youngprawat M, Polee C, Saengkorakot C, Chanruang P, Uapoonphol N, Charoonchat P, Julphunthong P. Assessment of Groundwater Age in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin Using Tritium and Carbon-14 Isotope Analysis. Geosciences. 2024; 14(9):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14090231
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaonamsai, Jeerapong, Kiattipong Kamdee, Monthon Youngprawat, Chalermpong Polee, Chakrit Saengkorakot, Patchareeya Chanruang, Nichtima Uapoonphol, Peerapat Charoonchat, and Phongthorn Julphunthong. 2024. "Assessment of Groundwater Age in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin Using Tritium and Carbon-14 Isotope Analysis" Geosciences 14, no. 9: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14090231