Routes for Specialization in Psychology throughout Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
3. Results
3.1. Current State of Specialization in Psychology
3.2. Areas of Specialization in Psychology
- Social, organizations, and work psychology (13)
- Clinical psychology or clinical and health psychology (12)
- Child and adolescent psychology or child and family psychology (9)
- Neuropsychology or clinical neuropsychology (9)
- Educational or school psychology (8)
- Psychotherapy (8)
- Health psychology (5)
- Forensic psychology or psychology of justice (4)
- Counseling (4)
- Gerontopsychology (3)
- Sports psychology (3)
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Answers to the Survey or Information Retrieved from the Official Website
Source | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Survey | Austria—Berufsverband Österreichischer Psychologinnen | C | Yes |
| C | A, B, C | Work, economic and organizational psy.; mediation; educational psy.; forensic psy.; sports psy.; trauma psy.; traffic psy.; addiction psy. |
Website | Belgium—Belgische Federatie Van Psychologen | C | - | - | - | - | - |
Survey | Bulgaria—Bulgarian Psychological Society | E | Yes | General psychologist; clinical psychologist; school psychologist; psychotherapist. | A or B or C or D | A or B or C or D or E | Planned: child psychologist; school psychologist; clinical psychologist; psychotherapist; health psychologist; advisory psychologist; crisis psychologist; social and political psychologist; labor and organizational psychologist; Legal psychologist; military psychologist; Transport psychologist; sports psychologist. |
Website | Croatia—Hrvatsko Psihologijsko Društvo | - | - | - | - | - | Forensic psy.; clinical psy.; psy.in occupational medicine; psychological psy.; development psy. for early and preschool age; psy. of developmental disabilities and disabilities; psy. of work and organizational psy.; psy.in social welfare; sports psy. and physical exercise; school psy.; military psy.; psy. in palliative care; psy. of sexuality and psy. of gender; traffic psy.; family psy.; marriage and partnerships; aging psy.; health psy.; psychodynamic psy.; ecological psy.; human rights and psy.; history of psy. |
Survey | Cyprus—Cyprus Psychologists' Association | C | Yes | Clinical psy.; counselling psy.; forensic psy.; school/applied educational psy.; Industrial/organization psy. | A, B, C, D, E | A, B, C, D, E | - |
Website | Czech Republic—Unie Psychologických Asociací | C | - | - | - | - | - |
Website | Denmark—Dansk Psykolog Forening | C | Yes | Child psy. (clinical child psy., clinical child psy., pedagogical psy., health psy. with children and psychotherapy with children); adult psy. (health psy. with adults, psychotherapy with adults, psychopathology, psychotraumatology, clinical neuropsy., gerontopsy.); work and organizational psy. | C | A, B, C, D, E | - |
Survey | Estonia—Eesti Psühholoogide Liit | A | Yes | Clinical psy.; school psy.. | A | A, C, D, E | No |
Survey | Finland—Suomen Psykologiliitto | C | Yes | Child and adolescent psy.; work and organizational psy.; health psy.; neuropsy.; psychotherapy; adult clinical psy. | B | A, B, C, D, E | - |
Website | France—Fédération Française Des Psychologues Et De Psychologie | A | - | - | - | - | - |
Website | Germany—Föderation Deutscher Psychologenvereinigungen | C | - | - | - | - | General psy.; work, organizational, and economic psy.; biological psy. and neuropsy.; differential psy., personality psy. and psychological diagnostics; developmental psy.; history of psy.; health psy.; clinical psy. and psychotherapy; media psy.; methods and evaluation; educational psy.; forensic psy.; social psy.; sports psy.; ecopsy.; traffic psy. |
Website | Hungary—Magyar Pszichológiai Társaság | C | Yes | Clinical and/or health psy.; cognitive psy.; counseling and/or school psy.; social and organizational psy., work and organizational psy.; developmental and clinical psy. of children; intercultural and interpersonal psy. | A | A, B, C, D, E | - |
Website | Italy—Associazione Unitaria Psicologi Italiani | D | - | - | - | - | - |
Website | Liechtenstein—Berufsverband Der Psychologinnen Und Psychologen Liechtensteins | A | - | - | - | - | Psychotherapy; neuropsy.; traffic psy.; health psy.; school psy.; gerontopsy.; forensic psy.; parenting/family/education; job/career/work |
Survey | Lithuania—Lietuvos Psichologų Sąjunga | C | Yes | School psychologist; medicine psychologist | E | A | Educational psy.; clinical and health psy.; crisis and catastrophe psy.; organizational psy.; law psy. |
Survey | Luxemburg—Société Luxembourgeoise De Psychologie | A | No | - | - | - | Educational psy.; testing in psy.; psychotherapy; neuropsy.; psy. in state child care settings. |
Survey | Malta—Malta Chamber Of Psychologists | C | Yes | Clinical, counselling, health, forensic, educational, social, sports | A | A, B, C, D | - |
Survey | Netherlands—Nederlands Instituut Van Psychologen | A | Yes | Mental health care; clinical (neuro)psychologist; child psychologist; psychotherapist | A, C, E. | A, C, D, E | Work and organizational psy.; forensic psy.; Body-oriented working psychologist; mediator; neurofeedback psychologist; psychologist in somatic healthcare; Revalidation; sexuality and diversity; social and economic psy.; addiction psy.; care for people with intellectual disabilities. |
Survey | Norway—Norsk Psykologforening | E | Yes | Adult psy.; children and youth psy.; elderly psy.; community psy.; neuropsy.; family psy.; addiction psy.; habilitation psy.; organizational psy.; work psy.; psychotherapy. | B, C, D | A, B, C, D, E | Neuro psy.; forensic psy.; private practice; intercultural psy.; digital health psy.; addiction psy. |
Survey | Portugal—Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses | D | Yes | Social, work and organizations psy. (psychological coaching; community psy.; occupational health psy.); educational psy. (early intervention; vocational and career development psy.; special educational needs); clinical and health psy. (neuropsy.; psycho-gerontology; psy. of justice; psy. of sport; psychotherapy; sexology) | D | A, B, C, D, E, F | - |
Website | Romania—Colegiul Psihologilor din România | C | - | - | - | - | Clinical psy. and psychotherapy; labor transport psy.; educational psy.; school counseling and vocational counseling; psy. for public order defense; and national security. |
Survey | San Marino—Ordine degli Psicologi della Rep. di San Marino | D | No | - | - | - | - |
Website | Serbia—Društvo psihologa Srbije | - | - | - | - | - | Educational psy.; organizational and work psy.; clinical psy. |
Website | Slovakia—Slovenska Komora Psychologov | C | Yes | Clinical psy.; counseling; organizational and work psy. | A | - | - |
Survey | Slovenia—Drustvo Psihologov Slovenije | C | Yes | Clinical psy. | C | A, B, C, D, E | Sport psy.; work and organizational psy.; psy. in social welfare; educational psy.; psychotherapy; health psy.; c. for psychodiagnostical tools, c. for ethics, c. for forensic psy. of family. |
Website | Spain—Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicologos | - | Yes | clinical psychology; neuropsy.; palliative care psy.; sport psy.; aeronautical psy.; emergency and disaster psy.; educational psy.; social Intervention psy. | - | - | - |
Website | Sweden—Sveriges Psykologförbund | D | Yes | organizational and work psy.; educational psy.; psychological treatment/psychotherapy; neuropsy.; clinical adult psy.; clinical child and adolescent psy.; health psy.; addiction’s psy.; disability's psy.; forensic psy. | - | A, B, C, D, E | - |
Survey | Switzerland—Föderation der Schweizer Psychologen/innen | C | Yes | Psychotherapy; child and youth psy.; clinical psy.; neuropsy.; health psy. | E | A, E, F | Coaching psy.; career and personnel psy.; legal psy.; sports psy.;traffic psy.; emergency psy.; psychooncology; gerontopsy.; cognitive behavioral therapeutic supervision; psychotraumatology. |
Website | Turkey—Türk Psikologlar Derneği | - | - | - | - | - | Trauma, disaster and crisis unit, department of child and adolescent studies, test unit, department of traffic psy., publication unit, LGBTI studies unit, clinical psy. unit, health psy. unit, sports psy. unit, women and gender studies unit. |
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Question |
---|
1. What are the requisites for practice Psychology (as a non-specialist) in your country? A—Our country has no requisites; B—Bachelor degree, or equivalent, in psychology (3 years); C—Bachelor and master degree, or equivalent, in psychology (3+2 years); D—3 + 2 years of academic training in psychology + 1 year of professional experience or practicum (EuroPsy); E—Other |
2. Does your country have a national framework for the specialization in psychology? (By specialization framework we mean different of rulings (e.g., training, professional development, practice criteria) that allow a psychologist to use a specialized title or be recognized, nationwide, as having a specialization in psychology) A: Yes; B: No. Please select “No” if your country only has scientific or professional interest-areas that are self-acknowledged by psychologists (If not, please move to Question 6) |
3. What areas of specialization (e.g., social psychology, educational psychology) are there in your country? |
4 How is the specialization achieved or recognized? A—By means of formal academic training (e.g., master degree or doctoral degree); B—By means of other academic training (that may include professional experience or practicum); C—By means of professional training (that may include professional experience or practicum); D—It is a professional/training recognition of accreditation process; E—Other: |
5 What is included in the specialization process (in either the training or the recognition process)? Please select as many as required. A—Theoretical or knowledge-based learning; B—Competency development (implies a specific formulation of the required competencies); C—Professional Experience; D—Supervision; E—There is a formal evaluation or assessment; F—Other elements: |
6. Other than the recognized national specialties of psychology, does your association have permanent psychology interest-areas or groups? If so, in what areas of psychology (e.g., educational psychology, clinical psychology, sports psychology, traffic psychology)? |
Requisites for Psychology | With a Framework for Specialization | Total |
---|---|---|
A—Our country has no requisites | 2 (12.5 %) | 5 (21.7 %) |
B—BA degree, or equivalent (3 years) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) |
C—BA and MA or equivalent (3 + 2 years) | 10 (62.5 %) | 12 (52.2 %) |
D—EuroPsy | 2 (12.5 %) | 5 (21.7 %) |
E—Other | 2 (12.5 %) | 1 (4.3 %) |
Unknown (-) | 1 | 14 |
Total | 17 | 37 |
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Dias Neto, D.; Figueiredo, S.; Biscaia, C.; Barros, M.J.; Barroso, R.; Fernandes, F. Routes for Specialization in Psychology throughout Europe. Behav. Sci. 2020, 10, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010007
Dias Neto D, Figueiredo S, Biscaia C, Barros MJ, Barroso R, Fernandes F. Routes for Specialization in Psychology throughout Europe. Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 10(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleDias Neto, David, Sónia Figueiredo, Constança Biscaia, Maria João Barros, Ricardo Barroso, and Filipa Fernandes. 2020. "Routes for Specialization in Psychology throughout Europe" Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010007
APA StyleDias Neto, D., Figueiredo, S., Biscaia, C., Barros, M. J., Barroso, R., & Fernandes, F. (2020). Routes for Specialization in Psychology throughout Europe. Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010007