Examining the Role of Traditional Masculinity and Depression in Men’s Risk for Contracting COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Procedure
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Sociodemographics and COVID-19 Related Questions
2.2.2. Male Role Norm Inventory–Short Form (MRNI–SF)
2.2.3. Gender Role Conflict Scale–Short Form (GRCS–SF)
2.2.4. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
2.2.5. Male Depression Risk Scale-22 (MDRS-22)
2.2.6. Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and COVID-19 Pandemic Stress Scale (CPSS)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Group Differences in Men with and without COVID-19 Infection
3.2. Correlational Analysis
3.3. Logistic Regression Predicting COVID-19 Infection
3.4. Group Differences in Men with Low and High Traditional Masculinity
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Results
4.2. Integration of Findings
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (N = 490) | No CV19 (N = 456) | CV19 (N = 34) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | M (SD) | N (%) | M (SD) | N (%) | M (SD) | Test-Statistic (df) | p | |
Age | 25.7 (9.8) | 25.7 (9.8) | 25.9 (9.5) | −0.10 (448) | 0.924 | |||
Nationality | 26.63 (6) | <0.001 *** | ||||||
Swiss | 71 (14.5) | 62 (13.6) | 9 (26.5) | |||||
German | 358 (73.1) | 342 (75.0) | 16 (47.1) | |||||
Austrian | 43 (8.8) | 36 (7.9) | 7 (20.6) | |||||
Luxembourger | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0) | |||||
Liechtensteiner | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |||||
Belgian | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) | |||||
Other | 12 (2.4) | 11 (2.4) | 1 (2.9) | |||||
Sexual orientation | 0.88 (4) | 0.927 | ||||||
Heterosexual-identified | 361 (73.7) | 334 (73.2) | 27 (79.4) | |||||
Gay/Lesbian-identified | 39 (8.0) | 37 (8.1) | 2 (5.9) | |||||
Bisexual-identified | 67 (13.7) | 63 (13.8) | 4 (11.8) | |||||
Asexual-identified | 5 (1.0) | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |||||
Other | 18 (3.7) | 17 (3.7) | 1 (2.9) | |||||
Marital status | 1.45 (2) | 0.484 | ||||||
Single | 311 (63.5) | 291 (63.8) | 20 (58.8) | |||||
In a relationship | 168 (34.3) | 154 (33.8) | 14 (41.2) | |||||
Separated after permanent relationship | 11 (2.2) | 11 (2.4) | 0 (0) | |||||
Education | 3.69 (3) | 0.296 | ||||||
None completed | 10 (2.0) | 10 (2.2) | 0 (0) | |||||
Secondary education | 348 (71.0) | 325 (71.3) | 23 (67.6) | |||||
Tertiary education | 106 (21.6) | 99 (21.7) | 7 (20.6) | |||||
Other | 26 (5.3) | 22 (4.8) | 4 (11.8) | |||||
Yearly household income (in CHF) | 1.88 (2) | 0.392 | ||||||
<25,000 | 233 (47.6) | 220 (48.2) | 13 (38.2) | |||||
25,000–50,000 | 92 (18.8) | 86 (18.9) | 6 (17.6) | |||||
>50,000 | 165 (33.7) | 150 (32.9) | 15 (44.1) | |||||
Due to CV19 Pandemic † | ||||||||
Status Loss | 72 (14.7) | 67 (14.7) | 5 (14.7) | 0 (1) | 1 | |||
Financial problems | 100 (20.4) | 92 (20.2) | 8 (23.5) | 0.06 (1) | 0.804 | |||
Job insecurity | 112 (22.9) | 102 (22.4) | 10 (29.4) | 0.54 (1) | 0.464 | |||
Job loss | 41 (8.4) | 37 (8.1) | 4 (11.8) | 0.18 (1) | 0.674 | |||
Registration with the employment center (RAV) | 34 (6.9) | 30 (6.6) | 4 (11.8) | 0.64 (1) | 0.425 | |||
Existential threat | 95 (19.4) | 86 (18.9) | 9 (26.5) | 0.74 (1) | 0.391 | |||
Psychological Disorder † | 117 (23.9) | 112 (24.6) | 5 (14.7) | 1.19 (1) | 0.275 | |||
Psychotherapy † | 95 (19.4) | 92 (20.2) | 3 (8.8) | 1.93 (1) | 0.164 | |||
Psychiatric Medication † | 64 (13.1) | 62 (13.6) | 2 (5.9) | 1.05 (1) | 0.306 | |||
Depression Cutoff | ||||||||
PHQ-9 (≥10) | 322 (65.7) | 305 (66.9) | 17 (50.0) | 3.29 (1) | 0.070 | |||
MDRS-22 (≥51) | 67 (13.7) | 58 (12.7) | 9 (26.5) | 3.07 (1) | 0.046 * | |||
PHQ-9 a | 12.6 (6.6) | 12.7 (6.6) | 11.3 (6.3) | 1.21 (488) | 0.225 | |||
MDRS-22 b | 29.2 (20.6) | 28.8 (20.3) | 34.1 (24.4) | −1.45 (488) | 0.169 | |||
BSRI (m) c | 62.5 (14.6) | 62.2 (14.6) | 65.4 (15.2) | −1.20 (488) | 0.116 | |||
MRNI-SF d | 45.6 (21.4) | 44.9 (20.7) | 54.4 (28.9) | −1.87 (35.6) | 0.025 * | |||
GRCS-SF e | 47.0 (12.6) | 46.7 (12.2) | 51.7 (16.0) | −1.78 (35.9) | 0.042 * | |||
FCV-19S f | 12.8 (4.9) | 12.9 (4.90) | 11.8 (4.60) | 1.28 (488) | 0.200 | |||
CPSS g | 23.9 (5.2) | 24.0 (5.15) | 22.6 (5.38) | 1.52 (488) | 0.130 |
M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PHQ-9 a | 12.6 | 6.6 | ̶ | |||||
2. MDRS-22 b | 29.2 | 20.6 | 0.64 *** | ̶ | ||||
3. BSRI (m) c | 62.5 | 14.6 | −0.36 *** | −0.10 | ̶ | |||
4. MRNI-SF d | 45.6 | 21.4 | −0.06 | 0.17 ** | 0.33 *** | ̶ | ||
5. GRCS-SF e | 47.0 | 12.6 | 0.41 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.01 | 0.39 *** | ̶ | |
6. FCV-19S f | 12.8 | 4.9 | 0.29 *** | 0.28 *** | −0.16 ** | −0.15 ** | 0.18 *** | ̶ |
7. CPSS g | 23.9 | 5.2 | 0.31 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.24 *** | 0.58 *** |
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Walther, A.; Eggenberger, L.; Grub, J.; Ogrodniczuk, J.S.; Seidler, Z.E.; Rice, S.M.; Kealy, D.; Oliffe, J.L.; Ehlert, U. Examining the Role of Traditional Masculinity and Depression in Men’s Risk for Contracting COVID-19. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030080
Walther A, Eggenberger L, Grub J, Ogrodniczuk JS, Seidler ZE, Rice SM, Kealy D, Oliffe JL, Ehlert U. Examining the Role of Traditional Masculinity and Depression in Men’s Risk for Contracting COVID-19. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(3):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030080
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalther, Andreas, Lukas Eggenberger, Jessica Grub, John S. Ogrodniczuk, Zac E. Seidler, Simon M. Rice, David Kealy, John L. Oliffe, and Ulrike Ehlert. 2022. "Examining the Role of Traditional Masculinity and Depression in Men’s Risk for Contracting COVID-19" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 3: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030080
APA StyleWalther, A., Eggenberger, L., Grub, J., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Seidler, Z. E., Rice, S. M., Kealy, D., Oliffe, J. L., & Ehlert, U. (2022). Examining the Role of Traditional Masculinity and Depression in Men’s Risk for Contracting COVID-19. Behavioral Sciences, 12(3), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030080